tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-73953638567319198742024-03-13T06:47:53.881-07:00WAHANA GURUADALAH TEMPAT MENUANGKAN IDE-IDE MAHFUD DAN SISWANYA ATAU SIAPA SAJA YANG TERTARIK MASALAH PENDIDIKAN, SAINS, LINGKUNGAN HIDUP, AGAMA, MAUPUN SOSIAL KEMASYARAKATAN DENGAN INTERAKSI BERBASIS MAYA (e-interaction) DAN TRANSAKSI BERBASIS MAYA (e-transaction).Unknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger32125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7395363856731919874.post-34322666561167179732015-08-17T00:49:00.003-07:002015-08-17T18:44:17.597-07:00SISTEM PENCERNAAN MAKANAN PADA MANUSIA<!--[if !mso]>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Oleh : Mahfud</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Guru Sains SMP Nation
Star Academy (NSA) Surabaya</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<a href="http://www.wahanaguru.blogspot.com/"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">www.wahanaguru.blogspot.com</span></b></a><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sistem
pencernaan meliputi <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">saluran pencernaan</b>
dan <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">kelenjar pencernaan</b>. Saluran pencernaan
terdiri atas,<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> rongga mulut (cavum oris)</b>,
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">kerongkongan (esophagus)</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">lambung (ventriculus)</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">usus halus (intestinum tenue)</b>,<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> usus besar (colon)</b>, dan <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">anus (dubur).</b> Sementara itu, kelenjar
pencernaan terdapat di <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">rongga mulut,
lambung, pankreas, hati</b>, dan <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">usus
halus</b>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Macam Saluran Pencernaan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Rongga Mulut (Cavum Oris)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Di dalam rongga mulut terdapat gigi, lidah, dan kelenjar ludah.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Gigi</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Berdasarkan<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> umur dan jumlahnya</b>, gigi dibedakan
menjadi 2, yaitu <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">gigi susu (gigi anak),</b>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">sebelum 6 tahun</b> dan <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">gigi permanen (gigi dewasa), sesudah 6
tahun</b>.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjB3iCI_HQf72zwpw-WQKf9dBG4t6Lq-P8o5Ol16BTK7qu5KIJonostcF9TtfveGwHXoEDsWD_-AEdPCQ-yq2LHTCrCns16ae3Q08wWVR9PAuTtm7F0IT1CqBBYhj25tW60exhWivAIZw/s1600/Rumus+Gigi.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="160" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjB3iCI_HQf72zwpw-WQKf9dBG4t6Lq-P8o5Ol16BTK7qu5KIJonostcF9TtfveGwHXoEDsWD_-AEdPCQ-yq2LHTCrCns16ae3Q08wWVR9PAuTtm7F0IT1CqBBYhj25tW60exhWivAIZw/s400/Rumus+Gigi.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Gambar 1. Rumus Gigi Susu dan Gigi
Permanen</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Berdasarkan<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> bentuknya</b>, gigi dibedakan menjadi <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">gigi seri (incisivus)</b>,berfungsi untuk
memotong makanan, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">gigi taring (caninus)</b>,
berfungsi untuk merobek / mengoyak makanan, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">gigi geraham depan (premolare)</b>,dan <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">gigi geraham belakang (molare)</b>, berfungsi menghaluskan makanan.
Sedang berdasarkan <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">strukturnya</b>, gigi
terdiri dari <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">3 bagian</b>, yaitu : <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Mahkota gigi (corona)</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">leher gigi (colum)</b>, dan <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">akar gigi (radix)</b>.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCIJlhkpKNo0nCgnXrn3JUWuzIXb-YnkZ682Ok_6H3ULvxkyR_6CMLvOP5zZPH3ff-6X5MAR6qTuosd2iktzvwH1jD364xuBplFyFdnKsc4Gp7O1Soj5uzXc0UxuPkcDqoklFy57kgHg/s1600/struktur+Gigi.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="243" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCIJlhkpKNo0nCgnXrn3JUWuzIXb-YnkZ682Ok_6H3ULvxkyR_6CMLvOP5zZPH3ff-6X5MAR6qTuosd2iktzvwH1jD364xuBplFyFdnKsc4Gp7O1Soj5uzXc0UxuPkcDqoklFy57kgHg/s320/struktur+Gigi.png" width="320" /></a></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Gambar 2. Struktur Gigi</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Lidah</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dalam sistem pencernaan
makanan, lidah mempunyai fungsi, antara lain, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">membantu menelan makanan, membantu mengaduk makanan, membantu mendorong
makanan, membantu membersihkan gigi, dan sebagai indera pengecap (perasa)</b>.
Berdasarkan <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">letaknya</b>, kuncup
pengecap pada lidah dibagi menjadi 4 macam, yaitu <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">rasa manis</b> pada ujung<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>lidah,
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">rasa asin</b> pada tepi depan lidah, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">rasa asam</b> pada tepi tengah lidah, dan <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">rasa pahit</b> pada tengah pangkal lidah.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWS4QfCTrJED1DFkcjRXX7Dq8FG-D8pzZblxR5UKvezxF3NIzxtU9bCWWmUVkMlsw4YlUDYqgSwE_2eugk3YUYWDFaGVXM7yX_nBdmGpkjWsyQHNloqhIaf7rpNRaHhWq7ewoERc3w3g/s1600/Letak+Kuncup+Pengecap.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="232" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWS4QfCTrJED1DFkcjRXX7Dq8FG-D8pzZblxR5UKvezxF3NIzxtU9bCWWmUVkMlsw4YlUDYqgSwE_2eugk3YUYWDFaGVXM7yX_nBdmGpkjWsyQHNloqhIaf7rpNRaHhWq7ewoERc3w3g/s400/Letak+Kuncup+Pengecap.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Gambar 3. Letak kuncup pengecap pada
lidah</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kelenjar Ludah</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Di dalam rongga mulut
terdapat 3 tempat penghasil kelenjar ludah, yaitu <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">kelenjar parotis</b> (dekat telinga), <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">kelenjar submandibularis </b>(bawah rahang), dan <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">kelenjar sublingualis</b> (bawah lidah). Kelenjar ludah berfungsi<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> mengeluarkan air ludah / air liur</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang mengandung <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">enzim ptialin (amilase)</b> yang dapat mengubah <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">amilum</b> (polisakarida) menjadi <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">maltosa</b>
(disakarida). Selain itu, kelenjar ludah juga berfungsi <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">membasahi makanan, membasahi mulut dari kekeringan, dan membunuh
mikroorganisme</b>.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kerongkongan (Esophagus)</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Saluran penghubung antara rongga mulut dengan lambung yang panjangnya
sekitar <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">25 cm</b>. Pada dinding
kerongkongan terdapat<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> kelenjar mukosa</b>
yang berfungsi menghasilkan cairan yang dapat membasahi makanan sehingga
makanan menjadi licin dan terdapat pula otot – otot polos. Kontraksi antara
otot – otot polos pada dinding kerongkongan mengakibatkan terjadinya <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">gerak peristaltik</b>. Gerak peristaltik
adalah gerakan meremas-remas makanan yang berbentuk gumpalan-gumpalan untuk
didorong masuk ke dalam lambung.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjC0A3g4uj-_ymyNInGtYVZgj-LZ6XpD24stdEU_8DGe3CIOBsot6OfbJZhwIn82XxrqckXzGd9a_gkDAup5FfmHuzvJ2j9UCNg8Ct-v4saUiIXkpVB7Njw8MQ4vMxiUrba2uL_E9tUqA/s1600/Proses+Menelan+Makanan.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="253" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjC0A3g4uj-_ymyNInGtYVZgj-LZ6XpD24stdEU_8DGe3CIOBsot6OfbJZhwIn82XxrqckXzGd9a_gkDAup5FfmHuzvJ2j9UCNg8Ct-v4saUiIXkpVB7Njw8MQ4vMxiUrba2uL_E9tUqA/s400/Proses+Menelan+Makanan.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Gambar 4. Proses Menelan Makanan</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Lambung (Ventrikulus)</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Lambung terletak di <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">rongga perut
sebelah kiri</b>. Lambung terdiri 3 bagian, yaitu bagian atas (<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">kardiak</b>), bagian tengah (<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">fundus</b>), dan bagian bawah (<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">pilorus</b>). Di dalam lambung terjadi
pencernaan<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> mekanis (fisikawi)</b> dan
pencernaan <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Enzimatis (kimiawi)</b>.
Pencernaan mekanis terjadi karena adanya <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">kontraksi
otot lambung</b> yang mengakibatkan gumpalan makanan (bolus) tercampur menjadi
bubur (chyme). Sementara itu, pencernaan kimiawi berlangsung dengan bantuan <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">getah lambung</b>. Getah lambung ini
mengandung berbagai zat, antara lain :</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Asam Lambung (HCl),</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> berfungsi mengaktifkan <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">pepsinogen</b>
menjadi <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">pepsin</b>, mengasamkan makanan,
membunuh kuman penyakit.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Enzim Pepsin</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">,
berfungsi mengubah <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">protein</b> menjadi <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">pepton.</b></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Enzim Renin</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">, berfungsi mengaktifkan <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">kaseinogen</b> menjadi <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">kasein.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Hormon Gastrin</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">,
berfungsi memacu sekresi<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> getah lambung</b>.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Gambar 5. Struktur Lambung</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Usus Halus (Intestinum Tenue)</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Usus halus terdiri dari 3 bagian, yaitu<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> usus 12 jari (duodenum), usus kosong (jejunum), dan usus penyerapan
(ileum).</b></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Usus 12 Jari (Duodenum)</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Di dalam usus 12 jari
bermuara <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">2 saluran</b>, yaitu <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">saluran dari pankreas</b> dan <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">saluran dari kantong empedu</b>. Saluran
pankreas berisi <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">getah pankreas</b> yang
dihasilkan oleh pankreas. Getah pankreas ini mengandung zat dan beberapa enzim
untuk <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">pencernaan secara kimiawi</b>,
yaitu <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">amilase, tripsin, dan lipase</b>.
Enzim<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> amilase</b> berfungsi mengubah<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> amilum (polisakarida) menjadi maltosa
(disakarida)</b>, enzim <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">tripsin </b>berfungsi
mengubah <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">protein menjadi pepton</b>, dan
enzim <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">lipase</b> berfungsi mengubah <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">lemak (trigliserida)</b> menjadi <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">asam lemak</b> dan <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">gliserol</b>. Selain enzim getah pankreas juga menghasilkan <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">natrium bikarbonat (NaCO<sub>3</sub>)</b>
yang berfungsi <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">menetralkan keasaman usus
halus</b>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Usus Kosong (Jejunum)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Di dalam usus kosong
makanan mengalami pencernaan secara <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">kimiawi</b>
oleh enzim yang dihasilkan <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">kelenjar
dinding usus halus</b>. Macam enzim yang dihasilkan kelenjar dinding usus,
antara lain :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Enterokinase</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">, berfungsi
mengaktifkan <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">tripsinogen</b> menjadi <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">tripsin (erepsin)</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Erepsin (tripsin),</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> berfungsi mengubah <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">pepton</b>
menjadi <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">asam amino</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Maltase</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">,
berfungsi mengubah <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">maltosa</b> menjadi <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">glukosa</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Laktase</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">,
berfungsi mengubah <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">laktosa</b> menjadi <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">glukosa</b> dan <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">galaktosa</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sukrase</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">,
berfungsi mengubah <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">sukrosa </b>menjadi <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">glukosa</b> dan <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">fruktosa</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Lipase</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">,
berfungsi mengubah <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">lemak (trigliserida)</b>
menjadi <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">asam lemak</b> dan <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">gliserol.</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Usus Penyerapan (Ileum)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Di usus penyerapan
terdapat banyak lipatan – lipatan usus yang disebut <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">vili (jonjot usus)</b>.Vili (jonjot usus) ini berfungsi<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> memperluas permukaan usus </b>sehingga
proses penyerapan sari-sari makanan akan <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">lebih
efektif</b>. Zat makanan yang berupa <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">glukosa,
asam amino, vitamin yang larut dalam air (vitamin B dan C), mineral</b>, dan <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">air</b> akan diserap oleh<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> pembuluh kapiler darah</b> dalam vili
kemudian diangkut melalui pembuluh darah menuju ke <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">hati</b>. Sementara itu, zat makanan yang berupa <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">asam lemak, gliserol, dan vitamin yang larut dalam lemak (vitamin A, D,
E, dan K)</b> akan diangkut melalui<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
pembuluh kil</b>, yaitu<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> pembuluh getah
bening (limfa) ke jaringan tubuh.</b></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJUvwscG4xmw9NlM1PPTTOUAQXUa9AawdNjyE3_T7JlDcQqRDftoLcEcVJso6X9cxAVtzwUhUKzn4lkzin3Ue8VAtPv6U5a57MPgRG-NU-53ol-SnsWPhMLQzueAjppo10LwfapaADtQ/s1600/Struktur+Usus+Halus.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="239" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJUvwscG4xmw9NlM1PPTTOUAQXUa9AawdNjyE3_T7JlDcQqRDftoLcEcVJso6X9cxAVtzwUhUKzn4lkzin3Ue8VAtPv6U5a57MPgRG-NU-53ol-SnsWPhMLQzueAjppo10LwfapaADtQ/s320/Struktur+Usus+Halus.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Gambar 6. Struktur Anatomi Usus Halus</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Usus Besar (Colon)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Usus besar mempunyai panjang sekitar <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">1
meter</b> yang terdiri <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">kolon ascendens</b>
(bagian yang naik), <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">kolon transversum</b>
(bagian yang mendatar), dan<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> kolon
descendens</b> (bagian yang menurun). Di antara usus besar dengan usus halus
terdapat <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">sekum (usus buntu)</b>. Pada
ujung sekum terdapat tonjolan kecil yang disebut <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">apendiks (umbai cacing)</b> yang berisi <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">kumpulan sel darah putih (leukosit)</b> yang berperan dalam <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">imunitas (kekebalan tubuh)</b>. Sisa
makanan di usus halus akan masuk ke usus besar dan di usus besar terjadi <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">penyerapan air</b> dan terdapat <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">bakteri pembusuk</b> (<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Escherichia coli</i></b>) yang
berfungsi <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">membusukkan sisa makanan</b>
dan <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">menghasilkan vitamin K dan vitamin
B-12</b>. Bagian akhir dari usus besar disebut <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">rektum</b> yang dapat berkontraksi sehingga menimbulkan terjadinya <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">defekasi</b> (pengeluaran zat-zat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sisa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>makanan melalui anus).</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Gambar 7. Bagian – bagian Usus Besar</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Zat Makanan dan Peranannya Bagi Tubuh</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Karbohidrat</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Merupakan senyawa organik
yang tersusun dari unsur <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Karbon ( C ),
Hidrogen ( H ), Oksigen ( O )</b>. Karbohidrat berfungsi sebagai<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> sumber energi, bahan pembentuk senyawa
lain, pembentuk struktur sel, jaringan, organ tubuh</b>. Sumber karbohidrat,
antara lain<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> beras, jagung, kentang,
sagu, umbi</b>. Kelebihan karbohidrat menyebabkan <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">penyakit kencing manis (diabetes mellitus)</b>, namun jika kekurangan
karbohidrat tubuh akan lemah karena<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
kekurangan energi</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">(lemah)</b>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Protein</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Merupakan senyawa organik
yang tersusun dari unsur<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Karbon ( C
),Hidrogen ( H ), Oksigen ( O ), Nitrogen ( N ), Sulfur ( S ), Phosphor ( P )</b>.
Protein berfungsi <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">penghasil energi,
mengganti sel – sel tubuh yang rusak, pengatur keseimbangan cairan tubuh, bahan
baku enzim, hormon, antibodi, dan hemoglobin</b>. Sumber protein, antara lain <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">kacang-kacangan, sayuran</b> (protein nabati),
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">susu, telur, daging, ikan</b> (protein
hewani). Kelebihan protein akan <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">dirombak
di hati</b>, namun jika kekurangan akan menderita <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">penyakit Honger Oedema atau kwashiorkor (busung lapar)</b>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Lemak</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Merupakan senyawa organik
yang tersusun dari unsur <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Karbon ( C ),
Hidrogen ( H ), dan Oksigen ( O )</b>. Lemak berfungsi <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">penghasil
energi, pelarut vitamin A, D, E, K, komponen membran sel dan garam empedu,
pelindung dari kedinginan</b>. Sumber lemak, antara lain, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">kacang, kelapa, kelapa sawit</b> (lemak nabati) dan <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">susu, telur, mentega, ikan</b> (lemak
hewani). Kelebihan lemak akan <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">obesitas
(kegemukan)</b>, namun jika kekurangan tubuh akan <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">kurus dan sering kedinginan</b>. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Vitamin</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0cm;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Merupakan senyawa organik yang <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">tidak mengandung energi</b>, namun sangat diperlukan tubuh<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> agar fungsi normal tubuh tetap terjaga</b>.
Berdasarkan sifat kelarutannya, vitamin dibagi menjadi 2, yaitu <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">vitamin yang larut dalam air</b> (vitamin B
kompleks dan C ) serta<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> vitamin yang
larut dalam lemak</b> ( vitamin A, D, E, dan K ).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0cm;">
<br /></div>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Gambar 8. Tabel Vitamin </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mineral</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Merupakan zat anorganik
yang biasa ditemukan dalam bentuk <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">ion</b>.
Secara umum, mineral dibagi menjadi<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> 2
golongan</b>, yaitu <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">unsur makro
(makroelemen)</b> adalah unsur-unsur yang diperlukan tubuh dalam <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">jumlah banyak</b>, misalnya <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">C, H, O, N, S, P, Mg, K, Ca</b> dan <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">unsur mikro (mikroelemen)</b> adalah
unsur-unsur yang diperlukan oleh tubuh dalam <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">jumlah sedikit</b>, misalnya<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> B,
Mo, Cu, Mn, Fe, Co, Zn, Na, Si, Al, Cl.</b></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhVvOSolvFYtIKHJCfmuNSzFUCf_KyanqtBLVzd2scvU7egpHsE1_WnKE6xWHVbhjn4S4g1Td_x-6mCMAnbHVqu1rtrhYlwcvBWkXnl1NJS7jU7C5apnqUKkISx5lHK8qMBgyJWUD7uA/s1600/Tabel+Mineral.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhVvOSolvFYtIKHJCfmuNSzFUCf_KyanqtBLVzd2scvU7egpHsE1_WnKE6xWHVbhjn4S4g1Td_x-6mCMAnbHVqu1rtrhYlwcvBWkXnl1NJS7jU7C5apnqUKkISx5lHK8qMBgyJWUD7uA/s400/Tabel+Mineral.jpg" width="373" /></a></div>
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Gambar 9. Tabel Jenis Mineral</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Air</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Air merupakan komponen yang
paling banyak menyusun tubuh sebab<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> 70 %
dari berat tubuh</b> tersusun dari air. Kebutuhan air di dalam tubuh dapat
dipenuhi dari<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">air minum, makanan, buah dan sayuran</b>. Fungsi air dalam tubuh,
antara lain :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mengatur suhu tubuh</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Melembabkan jaringan tubuh</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mencegah sulit buang air besar
(sembelit)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Melindungi organ – organ vital</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Membuang sisa metabolisme</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Melumasi persendian di seluruh tubuh</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mengangkut sari-sari makanan dan
oksigen</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">h.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Medium berbagai macam reaksi kimia di
dalam tubuh.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kelainan Sistem Pencernaan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Gastritis : </span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">radang pada mukosa lambung akibat
minuman beralkohol, terlambat makan, terlalu banyak makan, makan terlalu pedas
dan sebagainya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Maag / Ulkus (Tukak Lambung) : </span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">luka pada permukaan lambung akibat
infeksi bakteri<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> Helicobacter pylori.</i></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Apendisitis (Radang Usus Buntu) : </span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">infeksi pada umbai cacing (usus
buntu) akibat infeksi bakteri dan penimbunan feses yang diakibatkan kurang
makanan berserat dan kurang minum.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Diare : </span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">buang air besar encer dan terus
menerus akibat infeksi bakteri maupun protozoa yang masuk ke dalam tubuh
melalui makanan dan minuman yang kurang higienis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Konstipasi (Sembelit) : </span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">sulit buang air besar karena feses
kering dan keras akibat penyerapan air diusus besar terlalu berlebihan, menahan
buang air besar, perasaan takut dan cemas, terlalu banyak mengkonsumsi daging,
kurang mengkonsumsi makanan berserat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Hemoroid (Ambeien / Wasir) :</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> pembengkakan pada pembuluh darah
vena (balik) disekitar anus<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>akibat
terlalu banyak duduk dan kurang gerak, pada wanita yang sedang hamil dan orang
yang terlalu gemuk.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Xerostomia : </span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">penyakit pada rongga mulut yang
ditandai rendah produksi air ludah akibat gangguan saraf pembawa rangsang
ludah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">h.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Parotitis (Gondong) : </span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pembenkakan di bawah telinga akibat
infeksi kelenjar ludah bawah telinga (glandula parotis).</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">SOAL – SOAL<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>SISTEM PENCERNAAN
PADA<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>MANUSIA</b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 46.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sebutkan macam – macam saluran
pencernaan pada manusia !</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 46.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sebutkan pula macam – macam kelenjar
pencernaan pada manusia !</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 46.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tulislah rumus gigi susu (anak) dan
gigi permanen (dewasa) !</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -43.65pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">4.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Tulislah 5 fungsi lidah manusia dan letak
kuncup beserta rasanya !</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -43.65pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">5.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Tulislah 3 tempat yang menghasilkan
kelenjar ludah di dalam mulut !</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -43.65pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">6.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sebutkan 3 fungsi kelenjar ludah pada
proses pencernaan makanan !</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -43.65pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">7.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Apa yang dimaksud dengan gerak peristaltik
pada kerongkongan ?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">8.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Tuliskan 3 bagian dari lambung dan zat yang
terkandung di dalam getah lambung beserta fungsinya !</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -43.65pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">9.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sebutkan 3 bagian dari lambung manusia
beserta letaknya !</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -43.65pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">10. Tuliskan
3 enzim yang terdapat dalam usus 12 jari beserta fungsinya masing-masing !</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">11.
Pankreas selain menghasilkan enzim yang disalurkan ke usus 12 jari, juga
menghasilkan natrium bikarbonat. Apa fungsi dari natrium bikarbonat tersebut !</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -43.65pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">12.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Tuliskan 6 enzim yang dihasilkan oleh
kelenjar dinding usus halus beserta fungsinya !</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -43.65pt;">
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darah dengan pembuluh kil pada usus penyerapan (ileum) !</span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -43.65pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">17.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Tuliskan 5 contoh vitamin baik yang larut
dalam air maupun yang larut dalam lemak !</span></div>
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pencernaan makanan pada manusia !</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">@@@ GOOD<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>LUCK @@@</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Oleh : Mahfud</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Guru Sains SMP Nation
Star Academy (NSA) Surabaya</span></b></div>
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<a href="http://www.wahanaguru.blogspot.com/"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">www.wahanaguru.blogspot.com</span></b></a><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Lingkungan</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Lingkungan</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"> adalah segala sesuatu yang terdapat di sekitar
makhluk hidup baik secara langsung maupun tidak langsung mempengaruhi kehidupan
organisme tersebut. Lingkungan terdiri atas 2 komponen utama, yaitu : <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Faktor Abiotik</b>, yang terdiri atas <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">benda – benda mati</b>, seperti : air,
tanah, udara, cahaya, suhu, kelembaban dan sebagainya. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Faktor Biotik</b>,yang terdiri atas <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">makhluk hidup</b> seperti : manusia, hewan, tumbuhan, mikroorganisme
(jasad renik). <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Habitat</b> adalah tempat
hidup suatu makhluk hidup,dapat berupa <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">darat</b>
maupun<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> perairan</b>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Interaksi Organisme</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Rantai
Makanan (Food Chain) </span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">adalah peristiwa
makan dan dimakan yang membentuk rangkaian lurus dan tak bercabang. Contoh
rantai makanan di darat : rumput – ulat – burung – ular dan contoh rantai
makanan di perairan : fitoplankton – zooplankton – ikan kecil – ikan besar.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Gambar 1. Rantai Makanan</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Jaring –
Jaring Makanan (Food Web)</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"> adalah kumpulan
rantai yang saling berhubungan antara satu dengan yang lain sehingga membentuk
jaring – jaring yang rumit.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_4A4IQn7K1v81kkzGcVQBV-sxIw6OecfrpwDaqP0KhjfvXriaJvHK-zhCGnucuJPoBMrPPYN5uq3Py0hrbPhwsw_liqIED_I3IV3qVCOk9Kk4lp0H7FenmLliMFZavU0xNW-uDp-6vQ/s1600/jaring-makanan1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_4A4IQn7K1v81kkzGcVQBV-sxIw6OecfrpwDaqP0KhjfvXriaJvHK-zhCGnucuJPoBMrPPYN5uq3Py0hrbPhwsw_liqIED_I3IV3qVCOk9Kk4lp0H7FenmLliMFZavU0xNW-uDp-6vQ/s1600/jaring-makanan1.jpg" height="313" width="320" /></a></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Gambar 2. Jaring – Jaring Makanan</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Piramida Makanan
</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">adalah komposisi rantai makanan yang
makin ke atas jumlahnya makin kecil.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiN-VoieDpjy0FveS0tL_JhU9NhnFrYnTS6sruWCCviKypUwtG-1ObDZcxZKmwgdwmK3tfhGktAMkY1VSZpYljY_pEPaJYXqyqx8PCyFt1MQMf1xaB4sVNtaCl-E8XOtDKXNsQ2u04CfQ/s1600/piramida-makanan.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiN-VoieDpjy0FveS0tL_JhU9NhnFrYnTS6sruWCCviKypUwtG-1ObDZcxZKmwgdwmK3tfhGktAMkY1VSZpYljY_pEPaJYXqyqx8PCyFt1MQMf1xaB4sVNtaCl-E8XOtDKXNsQ2u04CfQ/s1600/piramida-makanan.jpg" height="283" width="400" /></a></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Gambar 3. Piramida Makanan</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Simbiosis</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Simbiosis </span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">adalah suatu cara hidup bersama antara 2 makhluk hidup
atau lebih yang berbeda dalam hubungan yang erat. Berdasarkan untung ruginya, simbiosis
dibedakan menjadi 3 macam, yaitu :</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Simbiosis
Mutualisme :</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"> simbiosis yang keduanya
saling menguntungkan, contoh :</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Kerbau / badak dengan burung jalak</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Lebah / kupu – kupu dengan tanaman bunga</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Akar tanaman polong – polongan dengan bakteri <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Rhizobium
radicicola</i></b></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDgS9KxdZF221TvRKmH3uk6FmZXT5RVrzlcoQRxXZLf5R3TdNrjA-wvpzoWerBsRQmq8INSofsCeabQumDH60dbc8vHCuY_sTDvWsT1VUseI6-W8wpa9mchbEQ1tywIYt9zBRFlIvgVA/s1600/Mutualisme.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDgS9KxdZF221TvRKmH3uk6FmZXT5RVrzlcoQRxXZLf5R3TdNrjA-wvpzoWerBsRQmq8INSofsCeabQumDH60dbc8vHCuY_sTDvWsT1VUseI6-W8wpa9mchbEQ1tywIYt9zBRFlIvgVA/s1600/Mutualisme.jpg" height="266" width="400" /></a></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Gambar 4. Kupu – Kupu Dengan Tanaman
Bunga</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Simbiosis
Komensalisme </span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">: simbiosis yang satu untung
sedang yang lain tidak dirugikan, contoh :</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Ikan Hiu dengan
ikan Remora</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Tanaman Anggrek
dengan tanaman mangga</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Tanaman paku
Sarang burung dengan tanaman sawo</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Gambar 5. Ikan Hiu Dengan Ikan Remora</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Simbiosis
Parasitisme </span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">: Simbiosis yang satu
untung sedang yang lain dirugikan, contoh :</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Kutu kepala dengan kulit kepala manusia</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Jamur panu dengan kulit manusia</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Tanaman tali putri dengan tanaman beluntas.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhokLjaeKw0Z-p-WnwBRLuzMi6oL1_UIT00kp-KAYJCRq2pyaunhLkrWsCEluausVoU42sM-6ZsPxStGuKkCTaueuBwmyQouSM2nJynrNQsrKRcTu5cQWntF-53JMh87Cz_I6Oy8wG_Qg/s1600/Tali+putri.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhokLjaeKw0Z-p-WnwBRLuzMi6oL1_UIT00kp-KAYJCRq2pyaunhLkrWsCEluausVoU42sM-6ZsPxStGuKkCTaueuBwmyQouSM2nJynrNQsrKRcTu5cQWntF-53JMh87Cz_I6Oy8wG_Qg/s1600/Tali+putri.jpg" height="400" width="346" /></a></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Gambar 6. Tanaman Tali Putri</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">4. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Autotrof dan Heterotrof</b></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Autotrof </span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">adalah organisme yang dapat membuat makanan sendiri
(berfotosintesis).Organisme yang termasuk kelompok ini, misalnya <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">tumbuhan hijau, alga (ganggang), lumut,
tumbuhan paku </b>dan <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">sebagian bakteri </b>dan
di alam bertindak sebagai<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> produsen</b>.Sedangkan
heterotrof adalah organisme yang tidak dapat membuat makanan sendiri. Organisme
heterotrof dibagi menjadi :</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Herbivora </span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>adalah hewan
pemakan tumbuhan, contoh : sapi, kambing, kuda, kerbau.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhg-xzqcHqtlceq4TvL4hHf0HxfTBybAhEs05Fp2jSdDWq8t2skYfJ9x5rP-l61dY2G6vzsvaHEdkTiT8_lt7lqgtqhIfLA-OaBTE-Rzi7WYFgl-E3jfJHH47KMYQY7jJeugHqdK_PeZw/s1600/Herbivora.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhg-xzqcHqtlceq4TvL4hHf0HxfTBybAhEs05Fp2jSdDWq8t2skYfJ9x5rP-l61dY2G6vzsvaHEdkTiT8_lt7lqgtqhIfLA-OaBTE-Rzi7WYFgl-E3jfJHH47KMYQY7jJeugHqdK_PeZw/s1600/Herbivora.jpg" height="272" width="400" /></a></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Gambar 7. Sapi</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Karnivora </span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">adalah hewan pemakan daging, contoh : harimau, kucing,
anjing, elang.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6VieMIKmD8K9PnFS_twFVyc5bNWP_pbo9Ciw712MfMtlesApZlpufRl95rJmJEGjMSgJnEgigrK3aVBnP4DZDkRS_cJhk2vkDkEkEt6VGPCexqedWTCTAhZKVVgmpX0R1wQFg2tXBNg/s1600/Karnivora.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6VieMIKmD8K9PnFS_twFVyc5bNWP_pbo9Ciw712MfMtlesApZlpufRl95rJmJEGjMSgJnEgigrK3aVBnP4DZDkRS_cJhk2vkDkEkEt6VGPCexqedWTCTAhZKVVgmpX0R1wQFg2tXBNg/s1600/Karnivora.jpg" height="212" width="400" /></a></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Gambar 8. Harimau mengejar Zebra</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Omnivora </span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">adalah organisme pemakan tumbuhan dan hewan , contoh :
manusia, gorilla, simpanse, orangutan, ayam, tikus dan sebagainya.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUjHCV4u6vSh_OfJSPZB1F97f9are-fyqWVuS8LahXCJdhSqBQNrht_CugeO9e7-COr9PYN6vez0V-6dt5mxaKezcGvPSHIoJqPDrhLrwj0LKHWHuthjfuqQM7dTw4Q5QzyLusbJqHYg/s1600/Omnivora.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUjHCV4u6vSh_OfJSPZB1F97f9are-fyqWVuS8LahXCJdhSqBQNrht_CugeO9e7-COr9PYN6vez0V-6dt5mxaKezcGvPSHIoJqPDrhLrwj0LKHWHuthjfuqQM7dTw4Q5QzyLusbJqHYg/s1600/Omnivora.jpg" height="300" width="400" /></a></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Gambar 9. Simpanse</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Dekomposer
(Pengurai) </span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">adalah organisme yang
berperan menguraikan makhluk hidup yang telah mati, contoh : <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">fungi (jamur)</b> dan<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> bakteri.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlUdquhD558JnkfSLy-8rpDXhQx-tiaT0gbFOgLo_lsbQQi6LeplmD5kCrGvyLRSWCIOcyx3iDzx0aHLyjJuFRKTjiqnJSj4hyphenhyphentymIMDQ8WEUe60KpujN7sNgQBFTnF6HTWVjKXbftnA/s1600/dekomposer.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlUdquhD558JnkfSLy-8rpDXhQx-tiaT0gbFOgLo_lsbQQi6LeplmD5kCrGvyLRSWCIOcyx3iDzx0aHLyjJuFRKTjiqnJSj4hyphenhyphentymIMDQ8WEUe60KpujN7sNgQBFTnF6HTWVjKXbftnA/s1600/dekomposer.jpg" height="300" width="400" /></a></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Gambar 10. Bakteri dan Fungi</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">SOAL – SOAL INTERAKSI MAKHLUK HIDUP
DENGAN LINGKUNGAN</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Tuliskan
pengertian dari lingkungan !</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Sebutkan 2
komponen lingkungan dan berilah masing – masing contohnya !</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Jelaskan
pula pengertian dari habitat !</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Sebutkan
pengertian dari rantai makanan (food chain) !</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Tuliskan
satu contoh rantai makanan yang terjadi di darat !</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Tuliskan
pula satu contoh rantai makanan yang terjadi di perairan !</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Sebutkan
pengertian dari jaring – jaring makanan (food web) !</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Tuliskan
satu contoh jaring – jaring makanan yang terjadi di darat !</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Jelaskan
pengertian dari piramida makanan dalam suatu ekosistem !</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Gambarkan
contoh piramida makanan disertai peranannya dalam ekosistem !</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">11.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Sebutkan
pengertian dari simbiosis yang terjadi dalam suatu ekosistem !</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">12.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Sebutkan
macam – macam simbiosis yang terjadi dalam suatu ekosistem !</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">13.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Jelaskan
arti simbiosis mutualisme dan sebutkan 3 contohnya !</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">14.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Jelaskan
arti simbiosis komensalisme dan sebutkan 3 contohnya !</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">15.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Jelaskan
arti simbiosis parasitisme dan sebutkan 3 contohnya !</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 53.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
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dimaksud dengan istilah organisme autotrof ? Jelaskan !</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 53.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
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contoh makhluk hidup yang termasuk<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>organisme<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>autotrof !</span></b></div>
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dimaksud dengan istilah organisme heterotrof ?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
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dimaksud dengan herbivore, karnivora, dan omnivore dan berilah masing – masing
3 contohnya !</span></b></div>
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dimaksud dengan dekomposer (pengurai) dan sebutkan 2 contohnya !</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">@@@ GOOD<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>LUCK @@@</span></b></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com17tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7395363856731919874.post-72683547710590598372015-01-21T20:29:00.001-08:002015-01-21T20:29:18.093-08:00KELANGSUNGAN HIDUP ORGANISME<!--[if !mso]>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Oleh : Mahfud </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Guru Sains SMP Nation
Star Academy (NSA) Surabaya</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">www.wahanaguru.blogspot.com</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Setiap makhluk hidup agar tetap lestari, maka ada 3
syarat yang harus dilakukan, yaitu dapat beradaptasi, lolos seleksi alam dan dapat
bereproduksi (berkembangbiak).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1.Adaptasi</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Adaptasi</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
adalah suatu cara makhluk hidup untuk menyesuaikan diri terhadap
lingkungannya.Berdasarkan macamnya, adaptasi dibagi menjadi 3, yaitu Adapatasi
Morfologi, Adaptasi Fisiologi, dan Adaptasi Tingkah laku.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">a. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Adaptasi
Morfologi</b></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Adaptasi
Morfologi </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">adalah suatu cara makhluk hidup untuk menyesuaikan
diri terhadap lingkungan dengan <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>cara merubah
bentuk dan struktur tubuhnya.Contohnya, antara lain :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1.Adanya bermacam – macam bentuk paruh burung</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Gambar
1. Macam – Macam Bentuk Paruh Burung Finch</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2.Adanya bermacam – macam bentuk kaki burung</span></div>
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</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Gambar
2. Macam – Macam Bentuk Kaki Burung</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3. Adanya bermacam – macam bentuk mulut serangga.</span></div>
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</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Gambar
3. Macam – Macam Bentuk Mulut Serangga</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">b.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Adaptasi
Fisiologi</b></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Adaptasi
Fisiologi</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> adalah suatu cara makhluk hidup untuk menyesuaikan
diri terhadap lingkungan dengan cara merubah fungsi organ – organ tubuhnya.
Contohnya, antara lain :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1.
Herbivora (hewan pemakan tumbuhan) menghasilkan enzim selulose untuk mencerna serat
–serat kasar dari tumbuhan.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2.
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Teredo
navalis</i></b> (sejenis Flagellata laut) mampu melubangi kapal – kapal laut
yang terbuat dari kayu sebab menghasilkan enzim selulose.</span></div>
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</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Gambar
4. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Teredo navalis</i></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3.
Orang yang tinggal di dataran tinggi menghasilkan eritrosit lebih banyak dibanding
orang yang tinggal di dataran rendah sebab membutuhkan oksigen lebih banyak.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">c.
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Adaptasi Tingkah Laku (Behavior)</b></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Adaptasi
Tingkah Laku (Behavior)</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> adalah suatu cara makhluk hidup untuk
menyesuaikan diri terhadap lingkungan dengan cara merubah tingkah lakunya.
Contohnya, antara lain :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1.
Bunglon (sejenis kadal yang hidup di pohon) dapat merubah warna kulitnya sesuai
dengan warna lingkungan sekitarnya.</span></div>
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</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Gambar
5. Bunglon</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2.
Mamalia laut ( Paus dan Lumba – lumba ) sering muncul ke permukaan laut untuk
menghirup oksigen sebab bernafas menggunakan paru – paru.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Gambar
6. Lumba - Lumba</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3.
Anak rayap suka mempunyai kebiasaan menjilati anus induknya untuk mendapatkan
Flagellata (hewan berbulu cambuk), yaitu :<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> Trichonympha campanula</i></b> agar dapat
mencerna kayu sendiri.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Gambar
7. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Trichonympha campanula</i></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2.
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Seleksi Alam</b></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Seleksi
alam</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
adalah proses pemilihan oleh alam terhadap individu – individu yang dapat
beradaptasi dengan lingkungan. Faktor yang mempengaruhi seleksi alam, antara
lain <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">suhu, iklim, makanan</b>, dan <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">perubahan lingkungan</b>. Menurut ahli
Biologi Inggris, yaitu Charles Robert Darwin, ada 3 syarat agar suatu makhluk
hidup dapat lolos dari seleksi alam, yaitu :</span></div>
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</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Gambar
8. Charles Robert Darwin</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">a. Adanya variasi dan persaingan organism dalam satu
spesies (jenis).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">b.
Individu yang adaptif (dapat beradaptasi) akan menghasilkan keturunan lebih
banyak dibanding individu – individu yang tidak adaptif. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">c.
Generasi selanjutnya bagi individu yang adaptif secara bertahap mempunyai kemampuan
adaptasi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang lebih baik terhadap
lingkungannya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Contoh seleksi alam, misalnya adanya kupu – kupu <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Biston
bitularia</i></b> di Inggris. Sebelum revolusi industry jumlah kupu – kupu <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Biston
bitularia</i></b> yang warna cerah lebih banyak dibanding yang warna gelap. Namun
setelah revolusi industry, justru kupu – kupu yang warna gelap lebih banyak
dibanding yang warna cerah. Hal ini terjadi sebab akibat revolusi industri
warna pohon menjadi gelap terkena jelaga sehingga kupu – kupu warna gelap kalau
hinggap tidak terlihat predator (pemangsa)nya sedang kupu –kupu yang warna
cerah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>terlihat jelas sehingga<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mudah dimangsa oleh predatornya.</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7wSmXbAP4jVwP8pAMxpq2p4_aAGLIEEUn949PffIhWt7RJ7ljYJh27mBiBj6CVhOoHbid9yUsoI0cyt-pA3Iz5MxuVAONAEuMt_qso2e5l0toTosDgi9ymnQ7ouFs11rd1BnCX_s2gQ/s1600/Biston+bitularia.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7wSmXbAP4jVwP8pAMxpq2p4_aAGLIEEUn949PffIhWt7RJ7ljYJh27mBiBj6CVhOoHbid9yUsoI0cyt-pA3Iz5MxuVAONAEuMt_qso2e5l0toTosDgi9ymnQ7ouFs11rd1BnCX_s2gQ/s1600/Biston+bitularia.jpg" /></a></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Gambar
9. Kupu – Kupu <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Biston bitularia</i></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Reproduksi
(Berkembangbiak)</b></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Reproduksi
(Berkembangbiak)</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> adalah suatu cara makhluk hidup untuk
melestarikan jenisnya. Secara umum, reproduksi ini ada 2 macam, yaitu <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">reproduksi vegetatif (aseksual)</b> adalah
perkembangbiakan yang tidak melibatkan gamet (sel kelamin) dan hanya melibatkan
1 induk dan <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">reproduksi generatif
(seksual)</b> adalah perkembangbiakan yang melibatkan gamet (sel kelamin) dan
melibatkan 2 induk. Sementara itu, reproduksi vegetatif (aseksual) ada 2 macam,
yaitu <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">reproduksi vegetatif<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>alami </b>adalah perkembangbiakan yang tidak
melibatkan gamet (sel kelamin) dan terjadi tanpa bantuan pihak lain dan <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">reproduksi vegetatif<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>buatan </b>adalah perkembangbiakan yang tidak
melibatkan gamet (sel kelamin) dan terjadi dengan bantuan pihak lain (manusia).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">a.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Reproduksi Vegetatif Alami Pada Organisme
Tingkat Rendah </b>:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">.
Membelah diri (Pembelahan sel)</b>, contoh : <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Bakteri dan Protozoa.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Membentuk
Tunas / Kuncup</b>, contoh : Rag.i (<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Saccharomyces cerevisae</i></b>) dan <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Hydra</b>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Membentuk
Spora</b> , contoh : <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Fungi (jamur) dan
Plasmodium</b> (Protozoa berspora).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Fragmentasi
(memotong diri)</b>, contoh : <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Spirogyra
(Alga hijau) dan Cacing Planaria.</b> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">b.
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Reproduksi Vegetatif Alami Pada Tumbuhan
Tingkat Tinggi</b> :<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Umbi
lapis</b>, contoh : <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">bawang merah, bawang
putih, bawang Bombay</b>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Umbi
batang</b>, contoh : <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Kentang dan Ketela
rambat.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Umbi
akar</b>, contoh : <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">singkong dan dahlia.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Stolon
(Geragih)</b>, contoh :<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Pegagan, rumput
teki, dan strawberry.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Rhizoma
(rimpang / akar tinggal)</b>, contoh : <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Jahe,
kunyit, Sansiviera.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>6. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Tunas
adventif</b> , contoh :<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> keres, cemara,
bamboo, tebu, cocor bebek, begonia.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">c.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Reproduksi Vegetatif <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Buatan Pada Tumbuhan Tingkat Tinggi :</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
Mencangkok</b>, contoh :<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> mangga, jambu
air, jambu biji, jeruk.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Stek</b>, contoh : <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">kembang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sepatu, bunga mawar,
bunga melati</b>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Merunduk</b>, contoh : <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">bunga mentega, bunga anyelir, bunga melati</b>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Okulasi (tunas)</b>, contoh : <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">rambutan, durian, mangga, jambu.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Mengenten
(menyambung)</b>, contoh : <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">mangga,
bougenville, rambutan.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>6. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Kultur
jaringan</b>, contoh : <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">anggrek, bawang
putih, pisang Cavendis</b>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">d.
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Reproduksi Generatif<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Seksual) Pada Tumbuhan</b> : Menggunakan <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Bunga</b>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">e.
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Reproduksi Generatif (Seksual) Pada
Hewan Tingkat Rendah</b> :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Isogami
(Homogami)</b> : <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Chlamidomonas (hewan
berbulu cambuk)</b>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Anisogami
(Heterogami)</b> : <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Plasmodium (hewan
berspora)</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Konjugasi</b>
: <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Paramaecium (hewan berambut getar)</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Partenogenesis</b>
: <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Lebah madu.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">f.
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Reproduksi Generatif<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Seksual) Pada Hewan Tingkat Tinggi </b>:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Fertilisasi
Eksternal</b>, yaitu pembuahan terjadi di luar tubuh, contohnya : <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Pisces (ikan) dan Amphibia (Katak).</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Fertilisasi
Internal,</b> yaitu pembuahan terjadi di dalam tubuh individu betina, dibagi
menjadi 3 macam, yaitu :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>a.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
Ovovivipar ( bertelur – beranak )</b>, contohnya :<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Kadal, ulat, penyu, buaya, komodo.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>b. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Ovipar
(bertelur)</b>, contohnya :<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> ayam, itik,
angsa, merpati, cendrawasih, kasuari.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>c. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Vivipar
(beranak)</b>, contohnya : <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">kelinci,
tikus, kambing, kuda, kera, sapi, manusia.</b></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">SOAL – SOAL
KELANGSUNGAN HIDUP ORGANISME</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1.
Sebutkan 3 syarat agar makhluk hidup tetap dapat melangsungkan kehidupannya !</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">2.
Jelaskan pengertian dari adaptasi pada makhluk hidup !</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3.
Sebutkan macam – macam adaptasi dan jelaskan pula masing – masing artinya !</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">4.
Tuliskan 3 contoh dari adaptasi morfologi !</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 241.0pt; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">5.
Tuliskan pula 3 contoh adaptasi fisiologi !</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 241.0pt; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">6.
Tuliskan juga 3 contoh adaptasi tingkah laku !</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 241.0pt; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">7.
Jelaskan pengertian dari seleksi alam (nature of selection) !</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 241.0pt; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">8.
Siapakah tokoh yang dianggap berjasa dalam seleksi alam makhluk hidup ?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 241.0pt; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">9.
Sebutkan 3 syarat suatu makhluk hidup dapat lolos dari seleksi alam !</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 241.0pt; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">10.
Berilah contoh proses seleksi alam yang terjadi pada suatu makhluk hidup !</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 241.0pt; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">11.
Jelaskan pengertian dari reproduksi (perkembangbiakan) suatu makhluk hidup !</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 241.0pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">12.
Jelaskan perbedaan antara reproduksi vegetatif (aseksual) dengan reproduksi
generatif (seksual) pada suatu makhluk hidup !</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 241.0pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">13.
Jelaskan pula perbedaan antara reproduksi vegetatif alami dengan reproduksi
vegetatif buatan pada suatu makhluk hidup !</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 241.0pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">14.
Tuliskan 4 macam reproduksi vegetatif alami pada organisme tingkat rendah
beserta contohnya masing – masing !</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 241.0pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">15.
Tuliskan 6 macam reproduksi vegetatif alami pada tumbuhan tingkat tinggi
beserta contohnya masing – masing !</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 241.0pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">16.
Tuliskan pula 6 macam reproduksi vegetatif buatan pada tumbuhan tingkat tinggi
beserta contohnya masing – masing !</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 241.0pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">17.
Gambarkan bagian – bagian dari bunga sebagai organ reproduksi generatif<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tumbuhan tingkat tinggi !</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 241.0pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">18.
Tuliskan 4 reproduksi generatif pada hewan tingkat rendah dan sebutkan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>contohnya masing – masing !</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 241.0pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">19.
Reproduksi generatif pada hewan tingkat tinggi, berdasarkan cara fertilisasinya
ada 2 macam, yaitu fertilisasi eksternal dan fertilisasi internal. Jelaskan
pengertian fertilisasi eksternal dan sebutkan contohnya masing – masing !</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 241.0pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">20.
Jelaskan pula pengertian dari fertilisasi internal dan sebutkan pula contohnya
masing – masing !</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 241.0pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">@@@ GOOD<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>LUCK @@@</span></b></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7395363856731919874.post-43782275674531999672014-10-26T23:09:00.001-07:002014-10-26T23:19:17.152-07:00SISTEM SARAF PADA MANUSIA<!--[if !mso]>
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<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh77f99y3sLH_n0QS-k6luA_4bdIVtw9p9YMn12KKJePcOL2VQ0QKrvqrODWhCXAiBkKNWhm7T0dcKabvoxXfR7aS2jZW0D6Nhc6pGtwrSRFVFK88LBqBv4n3XjAUDvNLvA0MRRiP7OYw/s1600/Cover+Saraf.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh77f99y3sLH_n0QS-k6luA_4bdIVtw9p9YMn12KKJePcOL2VQ0QKrvqrODWhCXAiBkKNWhm7T0dcKabvoxXfR7aS2jZW0D6Nhc6pGtwrSRFVFK88LBqBv4n3XjAUDvNLvA0MRRiP7OYw/s1600/Cover+Saraf.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a></b></div>
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Oleh : Mahfud</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Guru Sains SMP Nation
Star Academy (NSA) Surabaya</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">www.wahanaguru.blogspot.com</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Sistem koordinasi pada manusia meliputi <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">sistem saraf, sistem indera dan sistem
hormonal</b>.Sistem saraf merupakan salah satu dari sistem koordinasi yang
bertugas menyampaikan impuls (rangsang) dari reseptor (indera) untuk dideteksi
dan ditanggapi oleh tubuh. Sistem saraf memungkinkan makhluk hidup menjadi
cepat tanggap terhadap perubahan baik di dalam maupun di luar tubuh.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">1. Komponen saraf</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">a. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Reseptor</b>,
berfungsi sebagai penerima impuls (rangsang), yaitu <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">indera (mata, hidung, kulit,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>lidah, telinga).</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">b. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Penghantar
impuls (rangsang)</b>, berfungsi meneruskan impuls dari reseptor (indera) menuju
ke efektor (otot / kelenjar),yaitu : <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">saraf
(neuron).</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">c. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Efektor</b>,
berfungsi menanggapi rangsang yang telah diantar oleh penghantar rangsang
(saraf), yaitu : <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">otot dan kelenjar.</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">2.
Fungsi saraf</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>a. Menerima impuls (rangsang) dari reseptor (indera)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>b. Memproses impuls (rangsang) yang diterima (otak / sumsum tulang
belakang)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>c. Memberi respon (tanggapan) terhadap impuls yang diterima (otot dan
kelenjar).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">3.
Bagian saraf</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">a.
Dendrit</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">, bagian saraf yang merupakan
penjuluran badan sel saraf yang pendek, berfungsi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>menerima impuls (rangsang) dari <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">reseptor (indera)</b> dan meneruskannya ke <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">badan sel saraf.</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">b.
Badan sel, </span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">bagian saraf yang di
dalamnya terdapat nukleus, sitoplasma, mitokondria, badan golgi, retikulum
endoplasma dan lain – lain, berfungsi menerima impuls (rangsang) dari <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">dendrit</b> dan meneruskannya ke <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">akson (neurit).</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">c.
Akson (neurit), </span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">bagian saraf yang
merupakan penjuluran badan sel saraf yang panjang, berfungsi menerima impuls
(rangsang) dari badan sel dan meneruskannya ke otot atau sel saraf yang lain.</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWMbTLD6x4cXQg99dvTrxlVeRdAAVpNxnGL_-lRiImD88_P3KQ1HnlBuDLzrQF2WzzVjwpyNSrZKnFl_23kuxoGXe2yovaK8ADV2b5ZgZATN9Fk9pDVUHt-aoyu3oJhOyUS71VLQod4A/s1600/NEURON+3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWMbTLD6x4cXQg99dvTrxlVeRdAAVpNxnGL_-lRiImD88_P3KQ1HnlBuDLzrQF2WzzVjwpyNSrZKnFl_23kuxoGXe2yovaK8ADV2b5ZgZATN9Fk9pDVUHt-aoyu3oJhOyUS71VLQod4A/s1600/NEURON+3.jpg" height="202" width="320" /></a></b></div>
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Gambar 1 : Bagian Saraf</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">4.
Macam saraf (neuron)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Berdasarkan
fungsinya, sel saraf dibedakan menjadi :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">a.
Sensoris (Indera)</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">, berfungsi
menghantarkan impuls (rangsang) dari indera (reseptor) ke pusat saraf (otak).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">b.
Motoris (Penggerak), </span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">berfungsi
menghantarkan impuls (rangsang) dari pusat saraf (otak) ke efektor ( otot atau
kelenjar ).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">c.
Konektoris (Penghubung), </span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">berfungsi
menghubungkan impuls (rangsang) dari saraf sensoris ke saraf motoris di otak
dan sumsum tulang belakang.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">5.
Sinapsis : </span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Pertemuan antara ujung akson
(neurit) dengan dendrit sehingga impuls (rangsang) dari akson ke dendrit. Pada
ujung akson yang berbentuk benjolan berisi zat kimia yang disebut : <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">NEUROTRANSMITTER</b>. Neurotransmitter ini
ada 2 macam, yaitu : <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Asetilkolin</b>,
berfungsi menghantarkan impuls (rangsang) ujung akson (neurit) ke ujung dendrit
dan <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Kolinesterase</b>, berfungsi
menetralisir asetilkolin setelah impuls (rangsang) sampai di dendrit.</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgmW25673BvvzcHSt1jlE_JCi7b31ZdLhV90Wd_VltEIf5HfMVqyV5vs1IUQk08nXiYnbXXJqXJ5dmipLPvQYELpr6RHjLUyE2S501cHRJBW8K78BatYjJjFWjmAPx2pvUOHfPUGEpTQ/s1600/Sinapsis.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgmW25673BvvzcHSt1jlE_JCi7b31ZdLhV90Wd_VltEIf5HfMVqyV5vs1IUQk08nXiYnbXXJqXJ5dmipLPvQYELpr6RHjLUyE2S501cHRJBW8K78BatYjJjFWjmAPx2pvUOHfPUGEpTQ/s1600/Sinapsis.png" height="320" width="225" /></a></b></div>
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Gambar 2 :
Sinapsis</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">6. Susunan Saraf Manusia</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmb8nCS3_Ao0asX8alIXSSHquRvsqwoOcDpa3p0n9PB2STyvw_tRe54uQ5OmTcZAxSIKmoSvJNs_uTD8M0oKkPxbSnhrhG8tGg_Xr6-zzKvqHoYrvaMnklkSDZmvZuldfozAj3OxaiJg/s1600/susunan-saraf-pusat.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmb8nCS3_Ao0asX8alIXSSHquRvsqwoOcDpa3p0n9PB2STyvw_tRe54uQ5OmTcZAxSIKmoSvJNs_uTD8M0oKkPxbSnhrhG8tGg_Xr6-zzKvqHoYrvaMnklkSDZmvZuldfozAj3OxaiJg/s1600/susunan-saraf-pusat.jpg" height="249" width="320" /></a></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"> Gambar 3 : Susunan Saraf Manusia</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0ttXqJxM2YH7TjakTPEdLnobpt9qZDHgrHfqw3D8ED3mbsiFX8JcssCv2SrxYoQQU89jyPDgUTEB2C241eAbyGaazznc1247dq-LfzfNujaVNZnygPJHVlS1BNmBIu66_QJH5EyE8jQ/s1600/OTAK.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0ttXqJxM2YH7TjakTPEdLnobpt9qZDHgrHfqw3D8ED3mbsiFX8JcssCv2SrxYoQQU89jyPDgUTEB2C241eAbyGaazznc1247dq-LfzfNujaVNZnygPJHVlS1BNmBIu66_QJH5EyE8jQ/s1600/OTAK.JPG" height="320" width="312" /></a></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>
</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Gambar 4 : Bagian Otak Manusia</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Keterangan :</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>1.Otak besar (Serebrum), </b>berfungsi untuk mengingat, berfikir,
melihat, mendengar, membau, merasakan, dan sentuhan. Otak besar dibagi menjadi
4 lobus, yaitu :</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>a. Lobus Frontalis,</b> berfungsi
berfikir dan berkomunikasi</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>b. Lobus Oksipitalis, </b>berfungsi
pusat penglihatan</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>c. Lobus Temporalis, </b>berfungsi
pusat pendengaran, penciuman dan pengecap</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>d. Lobus Parietalis, </b>berfungsi pengatur
perubahan kulit dan otot</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2. Otak Tengah (Mesensefalon), </span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">berfungsi mengatur gerak reflex mata dan mengontrol
pendengaran.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3. Otak
Kecil (Serebellum), </span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">berfungsi pusat
keseimbangan dan gerak tubuh.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4. Sumsum Lanjutan (Medula Oblongata), </span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">berfungsi mengatur denyut jantung dan pernafasan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5. Sumsum
Tulang Belakang (Medula Spinalis), </span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">berfungsi
mengendalikan gerak refleks.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Sementara
itu, saraf tepi meliputi 12 pasang saraf kranial dan 31 pasang saraf spinal.</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
</div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b></div>
</div>
</td>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhV_mIN0YJMJSJxKWpFTi5JKRiwqGpVqudl_53BxFWWmeUzTzHrG1fqo4MG7tssHIP0G74tuYzlwxEr_-hZQqsmwjNeKzkE5cIhHg78pC4RWLeFoNclE5G2QRaJbeFLfyxFNi6WSeYRwQ/s1600/12+ps+saraf+Kranial.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhV_mIN0YJMJSJxKWpFTi5JKRiwqGpVqudl_53BxFWWmeUzTzHrG1fqo4MG7tssHIP0G74tuYzlwxEr_-hZQqsmwjNeKzkE5cIhHg78pC4RWLeFoNclE5G2QRaJbeFLfyxFNi6WSeYRwQ/s1600/12+ps+saraf+Kranial.jpg" height="347" width="400" /></a></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Gambar 5 : Tabel 12 Pasang Saraf Kranial</span></b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiMpv2mcxyrxMz5ioGBjlUvRX-Fqi94mXjlblN6Id0PdE-0TpbYdN9JgVv2_FJE0uMRxGth4Ov0-oI4LGEMFefo_m0XOjr3rutywAbrW82gEGKXUh567iWlB76g8KKfxrvn9V0zN4ImQ/s1600/sistem+saraf+tepi.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiMpv2mcxyrxMz5ioGBjlUvRX-Fqi94mXjlblN6Id0PdE-0TpbYdN9JgVv2_FJE0uMRxGth4Ov0-oI4LGEMFefo_m0XOjr3rutywAbrW82gEGKXUh567iWlB76g8KKfxrvn9V0zN4ImQ/s1600/sistem+saraf+tepi.png" height="400" width="307" /></a></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></b>
<br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Gambar 5 : Bagan 31 Pasang Saraf Spinal</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Selanjutnya
saraf Tak sadar meliputi saraf Simpatis dan saraf Parasimpatis</span></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpOznikYSjXQmOlOa9AjryBf_VOXletn3wjt55i9EtClZPLLoDJVZBFetbbH33ELBbnkXwSHQvXvQ_scg6NO4Qwk5HBgvhT2-LYrLTNHGSJEY3xLFUtuHuwBWTNzIbXAxhV-Rfhh57Xw/s1600/Simpatis.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpOznikYSjXQmOlOa9AjryBf_VOXletn3wjt55i9EtClZPLLoDJVZBFetbbH33ELBbnkXwSHQvXvQ_scg6NO4Qwk5HBgvhT2-LYrLTNHGSJEY3xLFUtuHuwBWTNzIbXAxhV-Rfhh57Xw/s1600/Simpatis.jpg" height="233" width="320" /></a></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Gambar 6 : Tabel Saraf Simpatis dan Saraf Parasimpatis</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">7.
Macam Gerak :</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>a. Gerak Biasa : impuls – reseptor – saraf
sensoris – otak – saraf motoris – efektor</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>b. Gerak Refleks : impuls – reseptor –
saraf sensoris – konektor (Sumsum Tulang Belakang)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>– saraf motoris – efektor.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">8.
Gangguan Sistem Saraf</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>a. Meningitis : </span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">radang selaput otak akibat infeksi bakteri<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Neisseria
meningitis </i>dan virus.</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>b. Hidrosefalus : </span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">radang selaput otak yang menyebabkan cairan terkumpul
di otak sehingga kepala membesar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>c. Neuritis : </span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">radang pada sel saraf yang disebabkan oleh infeksi,
kekurangan vitamin, keracunan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>d. Parkinson : </span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">gangguan gerak yang tidak terkendali akibat kekurangan
hormon dopamine sehingga asetilkolin tidak dapat bekerja secara normal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>e. Gegar Otak : </span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">gangguan pada otak akibat benturan keras pada kepala.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>f. Epilepsi : </span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">kelainan saraf yang tidak dapat menanggapi impuls
(rangsang) akibat kelainan metabolisme, racun, keturunan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>g. Alzheimer (pikun) : </span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">gangguan saraf yang ditandai berkurangnya kemampuan
mengingat karena faktor usia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>h. Afasia : </span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">kehilangan daya ingat karena kerusakan otak besar
(serebrum) bagian tengah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>i. Ataksia : </span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">gangguan sistem saraf akibat menyusutnya otak kecil
(serebellum) yang ditandai kesulitan melafalkan kata – kata.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">SOAL – SOAL<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>SISTEM SARAF <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>PADA<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>MANUSIA</b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">1. Meliputi apa
saja yang termasuk dalam sistem koordinasi pada manusia ?</b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">2. Tuliskan 3 komponen
saraf pada manusia beserta fungsinya masing – masing !</b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">3. Tuliskan 3
bagian saraf pada manusia beserta fungsinya masing – masing !</b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">4. Gambarkan bagian
– bagian sel saraf (neuron) pada manusia !</b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">5. Sebutkan 3
macam sel saraf pada manusia beserta fungsinya<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>masing – masing !</b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">6. Apa yang
dimaksud dengan sinapsis dan neurotransmitter ? Jelaskan !</b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">7. Sebutkan
macam neurotransmitter beserta fungsinya masing – masing !</b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">8. Buatlah
bagan susunan saraf pada manusia yang meliputi susunan saraf pusat dan sususnan
saraf tepi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>!</b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">9. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sebutkan nama - nama macam lobus (belahan)
otak besar (serebrum) beserta fungsinya masing – masing !</b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">10. Tuliskan
fungsi – fungsi dari bagian saraf pusat berikut : otak besar (serebrum), otak
tengah (mesensefalon), otak kecil (serebellum), sumsum lanjutan (medulla
oblongata), sumsum tulang belakang (medulla spinalis) !</b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">11. Tuliskan
nama 12 pasang saraf Kranial yang merupakan bagian dari saraf tepi pada manusia
!</b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">12. Tuliskan
pula nama 31 pasang saraf Spinal yang merupakan bagian dari saraf tepi pada
manusia !</b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">13. Berilah 5
contoh kerja saraf simpatis <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pada organ
tubuh manusia !</b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">14. Berilah 5
contoh kerja saraf parasimpatis pada organ tubuh manusia !</b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">15. Jelaskan
perbedaan urutan impuls antara gerak biasa dengan gerak reflex !</b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">16. Tuliskan
nama mikroorganisme penyebab penyakit meningitis !</b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">17. Jelaskan
penyebab terjadinya penyakit hidrosefalus !</b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">18. Jelaskan
pula penyebab terjadinya penyakit Parkinson !</b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">19. Apa nama
penyakit saraf yang ditandai dengan berkurangnya kemampuan mengingat karena faktor
usia ?</b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">20. Jelaskan tanda
– tanda orang menderita penyakit ataksia !</b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">@@@ GOOD<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>LUCK @@@</b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7395363856731919874.post-30251574497467208532014-08-19T19:20:00.000-07:002014-08-19T19:25:26.257-07:00SISTEM EKSKRESI PADA MANUSIA<!--[if !mso]>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Oleh : Mahfud</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Guru Sains SMP Nation
Star Academy (NSA) Surabaya</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">www.wahanaguru.blogspot.com</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Sistem ekskresi manusia tersusun dari organ – organ
ekskresi. Organ ekskresi manusia meliputi : <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">ginjal</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">ren</b>) hasil ekskresinya berupa <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">urine</b> (<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">air seni</b>), <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">hati</b> (<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">hepar</b>) hasil ekskresinya berupa <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">empedu</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Kulit<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">derma</b>l)hasil
ekskresinya berupa <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">keringat </b>( <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">garam dan air</b> ), <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">paru – paru (pulmo)</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>hasil
ekskresinya berupa <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">uap air</b> ( <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">H<sub>2</sub>O </b>) dan<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> karbondioksida</b> (<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> CO<sub>2</sub></b> ).</div>
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1. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Ginjal</b> ( <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Ren</b> )</div>
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Ginjal berjumlah 2 buah (sepasang), terletak di sebelah kiri
dan kanan rongga perut. Bentuknya seperti kacang ercis ( <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pisum sativum </i></b>), panjang
10 – 13 cm dan lebar 5 – 7,5 cm dan berwarna merah tua. Setiap ginjal
mengandung sekitar 1 juta nefron. Nefron adalah unit penyaring darah yang
berfungsi membentuk urine, melalui proses <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">filtrasi</b>
(penyaringan),<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> reabsorpsi </b>(penyerapan
kembali) da<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">n augmentasi</b> (penambahan
zat).</div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Gambar 1 :<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ginjal</b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Fungsi Ginjal :</b></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Menjaga keseimbangan air dalam tubuh</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Membuang sisa metabolisme yang tidak dibutuhkan
lagi</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Mengatur kandungan <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">elektrolit</b> (mineral yang bermuatan listrik) dalam darah</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Menjaga tekanan osmosis dalam darah</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Menjaga pH (derajad keasaman) cairan darah</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Menghasilkan <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">eritropoietin</b> (zat yang memacu pembentukan eritrosit) dan <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">kalsitriol</b> (vitamin D yang membantu
penyerapan kalsium).</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Bagian Ginjal : </b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Kulit ginjal ( korteks )</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Sumsum ginjal ( medula )</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Rongga ginjal ( pelvis )</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Bagian Nefron :</b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Gambar
2 : Nefron</b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Badan Malpighi : a. Glomerulus</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>b.
Kapsula Bowman (Simpai Bowman)</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
2. Tubulus Kontortus Proksimal<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>( TKP )</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
3. Cincin Henle ( Loof of Henle ) :</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>a.
Descenden (Bagian yang turun)</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>b.
Arscenden (Bagian yang naik)</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
4.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Tubulus
Kontortus Distal ( TKD )</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
5. Tubulus Kolektivus ( TK ).</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -32.2pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">D.</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Cara Kerja Nefron :</b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1. Filtrasi (Penyaringan) : </b>proses
penyaringan darah di <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">badan malpighi (
glomerulus dan kapsula Bowman) </b>yang menghasilkan <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">urine primer (filtrat glomerulus)</b>, yaitu zat-zat <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang masih dibutuhkan dan tidak dibutuhkan
tubuh.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">2. Reabsorpsi
(Penyerapan kembali) : </b>proses penyerapan kembali zat – zat yang masih
dibutuhkan oleh tubuh, misalnya : <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">air,
glukosa, asam amino, ion-ion Na<sup>+</sup>, K<sup>+</sup>, Ca<sup>2+</sup>,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Cl<sup>-</sup>, HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup>,
HBO<sub>4</sub><sup>-</sup>, urea</b> di <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Tubulus
Kontortus Proksimal ( TKP ) dan Cincin Henle</b> dan dihasilkan <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">urine sekunder (filtrat tubulus)</b>, yaitu
zat-zat yang sudah tidak dibutuhkan lagi oleh tubuh.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">3.</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Augmentasi (Penambahan zat ) : </b>proses
penambahan zat-zat yang tidak diperlukan oleh tubuh ke dalam <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Tubulus Kontortus Distal (TKD)</b> dan
dihasilkan <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">urine sesungguhnya </b>yang
berisi antara lain, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">air, garam, urea, amoniak,
vitamin B & C, kelebihan hormon, obat-obatan, pigmen empedu (kekuningan)</b>.
Selanjutnya urine sesungguhnya dialirkan ke <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Tubulus Kolektivus (TK</b>) dan disimpan sementara di<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Vesica Urinaria (Kandung kemih)</b>.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">E. Mikturasi : </b>Proses
pengeluaran urine dari dalam tubuh. Bila jumlah urine yang ditampung di dalam
kandung kemih (Vesica Urinaria) sekitar 200 – 300 ml, maka tubuh akan timbul
refleks ingin buang air kecil sehingga urine akan mengalir dari kandung kemih
ke uretra.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1cm; text-indent: -1cm;">
<br /></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1cm; text-align: center; text-indent: -1cm;">
<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Gambar 3 :</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Proses
Pengeluaran Urin (Mikturasi)</b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">2.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hati ( Hepar )</b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Merupakan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>organ sekaligus kelenjar terbesar di dalam
tubuh, berwarna merah tua, dengan berat antara 1,5 – 2 kg, terletak di rongga
perut<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sebelah kanan atas.Sebagai organ
ekskresi karena menghasilkan cairan empedu. Satu-satunya organ tubuh yang dapat
mengadakan regenerasi sel dalam kondisi sehat, namun dalam kondisi sakit dapat
mengecil (mengkerut).</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
</div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><div>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Gambar 4 : Hati ( Hepar )</b></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span>
<br />
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Fungsi Hati :</b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -16.35pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Salah
satu organ ekskresi sebab menghasilkan cairan empedu</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -16.35pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Tempat menyimpan gula dalam bentuk glikogen</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -16.35pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Tempat
pembentukan dan pembongkaran protein</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -16.35pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Tempat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>pembentukan dan pembongkaran sel darah merah ( eritrosit )</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Tempat
pembentukan protrombin dan fibrinogen</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -16.35pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Tempat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>pembentukan urea</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -16.35pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Tempat
pengubahan provitamin A menjadi vitamin A</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -16.35pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mengatur
kadar gula dalam darah</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -16.35pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Menawarkan ( menetralisir ) toksin ( racun )</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -16.35pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Membunuh kuman penyakit</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -32.2pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">3. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Paru- Paru (Pulmo)</b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>Merupakan
organ pernafasan sekaligus organ ekskresi sebab mengeluarkan karbondioksida (CO<sub>2</sub>)
dan uap air (H<sub>2</sub>O) melalui lubang hidung. Paru-paru berjumlah
sepasang ( 2 buah ) kiri dan kanan yang terletak di rongga dada bagian atas.
Paru-paru kanan terdiri dari 3 lobus (belahan) dan paru-paru kiri terdiri dari
2 lobus (belahan).</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Gambar 5 : Paru – Paru ( Pulmo )</b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">4.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kulit (Dermal)</b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>a. Fungsi Kulit :</b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>1. Pelindung (proteksi) terhadap
benturan, zat kimia, kuman, dan sinar matahari.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2. Indera
perasa (halus, kasar, panas, dingin, dan nyeri).</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3. Tempat
menyimpan kelebihan lemak</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4. Tempat
pembentukan vitamin D</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5.
Pengatur (regulator) suhu tubuh</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>6. Penentu
warna kulit (pigmen)</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>7. Alat
pengeluaran (ekskresi) sebab mengeluarkan keringat (air, garam, dan minyak).</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>b.
Bagian Kulit :</b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1. Lapisan Epidermis ( Kulit Ari ), </b>terdiri
dari :</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>a. Stratum Korneum (Lapisan Zat tanduk)
: </b>sel-selnya mati dan mudah mengelupas.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>b.</b>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Stratum Lusidum </b>: menggantikan sel-sel
kulit yang telah mengelupas.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>c</b>.
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Stratum Granulosum</b> : Sel-selnya
mengandung pigmen melanin (warna kulit).</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>d</b>.
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Stratum Germinativum </b>: membentuk
sel-sel baru ke arah luar.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2</b>. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Lapisan
Dermis / Korium ( Kulit Jangat ).</b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>Pada lapisan ini terletak <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">di bawah kulit epidermis</b>. Di dalam
lapisan ini terdapat <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">akar rambut,
pembuluh darah, saraf, kelenjar keringat (glandula sudorifera) dan kelenjar
minyak (glandula sebasea)</b>. Keringat di alirkan dari kelenjar keringat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan dikeluarkan melalui <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">pori-pori kulit</b>. Kelenjar minyak menghasilkan minyak yang berfungsi
meminyaki rambut agar tidak kering. Rambut dapat tumbuh terus menerus karena
mendapat sari-sari makanan dari pembuluh kapiler di bawah kantong rambut. Di
dekat akar rambut terdapat otot penegak rambut. Di bawah lapisan dermis
terdapat <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">jaringan lemak (lapisan
hipodermis)</b> yang berfungsi sebagai cadangan makanan, pelindung tubuh
terhadap benturan, dan kedinginan.<br />
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGZe5VhwQwopzF0YHSRggemNEak32c626ladRDsnaQO8WhlXkHrkm2kwb44gTq_4rZgUNGn_xnwvRDdzS6GeupbqY7mD5N0g3g0e-5n_My6G5xWQIT82_PO-xxw_ufXPx1WtRyqDi8Mg/s1600/kulit.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGZe5VhwQwopzF0YHSRggemNEak32c626ladRDsnaQO8WhlXkHrkm2kwb44gTq_4rZgUNGn_xnwvRDdzS6GeupbqY7mD5N0g3g0e-5n_My6G5xWQIT82_PO-xxw_ufXPx1WtRyqDi8Mg/s1600/kulit.jpg" height="201" width="320" /></a></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Gambar 6 : Bagian Kulit</b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">5. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kelainan Sistem Ekskresi :</b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>a. Ginjal (Ren) :</b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1. Diabetes melitus (kencing manis) : </b>adanya
gula (glukosa) dalam urine yang disebabkan darah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kekurangan hormon insulin.Penyakit ini
ditandai dengan sering buang urin dalam jumlah banyak (polinuria).</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2.</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Albuminuria (proteinuria)</b> : adanya albumin (protein) dalam urin
(air seni). Hal ini terjadi karena terjadi kerusakan pada Badan Malpighi (
Glomerulus dan Kapsula Bowman ).</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3</b>. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Kencing Batu (Batu Ginjal)</b> : adanya batu dalam <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">rongga ginjal (pelvis), saluran ginjal (ureter), kandung kemih (vesica
urinaria)</b> yang merupakan endapan dari <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">kalsium
(Ca), asam urat, asam amino (sistein) dan mineral struvit.</b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4</b>. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Nefritis</b> : Kerusakan pada<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
nefron</b>, khususnya <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">glomerulus </b>karena
infeksi bakteri <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Streptococcus.</b>
Nefritis dapat mengakibatkan penyakit <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">uremia</b>
dan <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">oedemia.</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Uremia</b> terjadi jika urine masuk ke dalam darah akibat adanya
kebocoran pada saluran<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sedang <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">oedemia</b> terjadi jika penimbunan air di
kaki karena penyerapan air terganggu. </div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Gagal ginjal</b> : keadaan ginjal
yang mengalami kerusakan permanen sehingga ginjal tidak dapat berfungsi
sebagaimana mestinya. Bagi penderita gagal ginjal akan disarankan untuk
melakukan <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">haemodialisis </b>( cuci darah
) atau <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">transplantasi </b>(cangkok)
ginjal.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>b</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Hati (Hepar) :</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>1. Hepatitis (Radang hati) : </b>peradangan pada hati yang disebabkan
oleh kebiasaan mengkonsumsi<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>minuman
beralkohol, obat-obatan dan infeksi virus</b> serta akibat <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">komplikasi </b>pada organ tubuh yang lain. Tanda – tanda penyakit ini,
antara lain, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">demam, letih, lesu, nyeri
otot, flu, mual, air seni gelap dan feses berwarna pucat</b>. Berdasarkan
penyebabnya hepatitis dibagi menjadi 3 macam, yaitu : <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">1. Hepatitis A</b>, penyebabnya <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">virus
hepatitis A</b> yang biasanya ada di <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">air
kotor</b>. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">2. Hepatitis B</b>,
penyebabnya <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">virus hepatitis B</b>,
biasanya menular melalui <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">darah, keringat,dan
air <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>liur</b>. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">3. Hepatitis C</b>, penyebabnya <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">virus
hepatitis C</b>, biasanya menular melalui <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">darah,
jarum suntik atau ibu hamil kepada janinnya</b>.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>2.</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Penyakit Kuning ( Jaundice
)</b> : adanya cairan <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">empedu (bilirubin)</b>
yang bercampur dengan darah sebab <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">saluran
empedu tersumbat</b>. Gejala penyakit ini, antara lain, warna kulit dan mata
berwarna<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> kuning, demam, cepat lelah,
pusing, dan kadang disertai pingsan</b>.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3</b>. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Sirosis ( Pengerasan Hati )</b> :<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>pengerasan hati yang disebabkan kebiasaan mengkonsumsi <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">minuman beralkohol, obat-obatan atau<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bahan kimia lain</b>. Gejala penyakit ini,
antara lain, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">demam, perut kembung, nyeri
pada ulu hati, perut membesar dan mengeras.</b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>c.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Paru – Paru ( Pulmo ) :</b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1. Asfiksi : </b>gangguan pengangkutan
oksigen ( O<sub>2</sub> )ke jaringan tubuh.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2.</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Asidosis</b> : gangguan pengangkutan karbondioksida ( CO<sub>2</sub>
)dalam darah. </div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3</b>. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Asma</b> : gangguan pernafasan yang diakibatkan penyempitan saluran
pernafasan</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>d</b>. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Kulit ( Dermal ) :</b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1. Xerosis : </b>keadaan kulit yang
tampak kering dan kasar akibat kelembabban kulit yang rendah sehingga permukaan
kulit menjadi tidak merata. Gejala penyakit ini, antara lain, kulit gatal
sehingga terjadi peradangan pada permukaan kulit.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2.</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Lentigo</b> :<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>keadaan kulit yang
tampak bercak-bercak coklat kehitaman akibat sengatan sinar matahari antara
pukul 10.00 – 14.00 yang disebut : <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Solar
Lentigo. </b>Lentigo pada orang yang masih muda disebut : <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Freckles</b> dan <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>masih dapat
hilang sedang pada orang yang sudah tua sulit hilang.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3</b>. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Kanker Kulit </b>: pertumbuhan sel-sel kulit yang bersifat ganas akibat
menurunnya daya tahan kulit, makanan yang banyak mengandung bahan kimia,
penggunaan bahan kosmetik dan sebagainya.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4</b>. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Eksim (Dermatitis)</b> : Keadaan kulit yang meradang dan mengalami
iritasi pada bagian tangan dan kaki. Pada orang yang berkulit putih, kulit akan
berwarna merah muda lalu berubah menjadi coklat. Sementara pada orang yang
berkulit gelap , kulit akan tampak lebih gelap. Penyakit ini ditandai dengan
gatal-gatal yang dapat memicu adanya infeksi.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5</b>. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Kudis (Scabies</b>) : Penyakit kulit ini disebabkan Arthropoda jenis <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sarcuptes
scabei</i></b>. Gejala penyakit ini adalah lepuh-lepuh kecil disertai rasa
gatal semakin digaruk maka akan semakin gatal dan menyebar.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>6</b>. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Kusta
(Lepra)</b> : Penyakit kulit akibat infeksi bakteri<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> Micobacterium leprae</i></b>.
Penyakit ini dapat mengakibatkan kerusakan kulit, saraf, anggota gerak dan
mata.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>7</b>. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Jerawat
(Acne)</b> : kondisi abnormal dari kulit akibat produksi kelenjar minyak<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang berlebihan sehingga mengakibatkan
peyumbatan saluran pori-puri kulit. Hal terjadi bisa karena faktor makanan yang
banyak mengandung lemak atau masuk usia remaja yang ditandai produksi kelenjar
minyak berlebih.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">SOAL – SOAL<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>SISTEM EKSKRESI
PADA<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>MANUSIA</b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
1. Tulislah macam – macam organ ekskresi pada manusia
beserta zat yang dihasilkannya !</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
2. Sebutkan ciri – ciri ginjal manusia yang meliputi
jumlah, letak, bentuk, ukuran dan warnanya !</div>
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3. Sebutkan 5 fungsi ginjal (ren) yang berhubungan
dengan sistem ekskresi !</div>
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4. Tulislah bagian – bagian dari ginjal mulai dari
luar ke dalam beserta nama lainnya !</div>
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5. Gambarkan bagian – bagian dari nefron beserta nama
– namanya !</div>
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6. Tulislah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>cara kerja nefron mulai proses filtrasi, reabsorbsi dan augmentasi !</div>
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7. Apa yang dimaksud dengan istilah mikturasi pada
sistem ekskresi manusia ? Jelaskan !</div>
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8. Sebutkan ciri – ciri hati (hepar) manusia yang
meliputi warna, berat, dan letaknya di dalam tubuh !</div>
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9. Tulislah 5 fungsi hati yang berhubungan dengan
sistem ekskresi !</div>
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10. Sebutkan ciri – ciri paru – paru manusia yang
meliputi jumlah, letak, jumlah lobus (belahan) !</div>
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11. Tulislah 5 fungsi kulit manusia yang berhubungan
dengan sistem ekskresi !</div>
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12. Sebutkan macam lapisan kulit epidermis beserta
keterangannya masing – masing !</div>
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13. Sebutkan pula apa saja yang terdapat di dalam
lapisan kulit dermis (jangat) !</div>
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14. Mengapa rambut yang tumbuh di permukaan kulit bila
dicukur akan tetap tumbuh terus ?</div>
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15. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Tuliskan 3
kelainan ginjal beserta penjelasannya masing – masing !</div>
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16.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Jelaskan 3
kelainan hati beserta penjelasannya masing – masing !</div>
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17. Jelaskan 3 kelainan paru – paru beserta
penjelasannya masing – masing !</div>
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18. Jelaskan pula 3 kelainan kulit<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>beserta penjelasannya masing – masing ! </div>
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19. Mengapa orang yang menderita nefritis akan memicu
penyakit uremia dan oedema ?</div>
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20. Mengapa orang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>muda yang kulitnya menderita letigo dapat sembuh sedang orang yang tua
tidak ? jelaskan !</div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">@@@ GOOD<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>LUCK @@@</b></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7395363856731919874.post-17254380611178804852013-05-07T21:21:00.000-07:002014-04-09T21:37:05.438-07:00BAHAN KIMIA DALAM KEHIDUPAN<br />
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<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Oleh : Mahfud<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Guru SMP YPPI – 2 Surabaya<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Bahan Kimia Dalam Rumah Tangga<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Secara
umum bahan kimia dalam rumah tangga dibagi menjadi 4, yaitu :
a.<b>Pembersih</b> B<b>ahan pembersih</b> meliputi : <b>sabun</b>, <b>deterjen</b>,
<b>sampo</b>, dan <b>pasta gigi (odol)</b>. <b>Sabun</b> terbuat dari <b>natrium
/ kalium hidroksida</b> dengan suatu <b>lemak</b>, baik lemak nabati (tumbuhan)
maupun lemak hewani (hewan) ditambah <b>pewarna</b>, <b>pewangi</b>, <b>krim</b>,
<b>vitamin</b>, dan <b>pelembab</b>.Proses pembuatan sabun ini disebut <b>saponifikasi</b>.<b>Deterjen</b>
terbuat dari <b>benzene alkil sulfonat</b> ditambah <b>natrium sulfat</b>, <b>natrium
hidroksida</b>, <b>senyawa fosfat</b>,<b>CMC </b>(<b>Carboxy Methyl Cellulose</b>),
<b>parfum</b> dan <b>enzim</b>.<b>Sampo</b> juga mengandung bahan deterjen (<b>benzene
alkil sulfonat</b>) ditambah <b>ekstrak buah</b>, <b>vitamin</b>, <b>telur</b>,<b>
madu</b>, <b>urang aring</b>, <b>jeruk nipis</b> dan <b>seledri</b>.<b>Pasta
Gigi (Odol)</b> terbuat dari <b>kalsium karbonat</b> dicampur <b>gliserin</b>
dan ditambah <b>pemanis</b>, <b>pewarna</b>,<b>penyegar nafas</b> dan <b>penghambat
pertumbuhan kuman gigi </b>(<b>desinfektan</b>). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.Pemutih</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
<b>Bahan pemutih</b> dibedakan menjadi
3 macam, yaitu <b>pemutih pakaian</b>, <b>pemutih kulit</b> dan <b>pemutih gigi</b>.Bahan
aktif pemutih pakaian adalah <b>natrium hipoklorit</b> (cair) dan <b>kalsium
hipoklorit </b>(padat).Sedang <b>bahan aktif pemutih kulit</b> adalah <b>hidrokuinon</b>,<b>kojic
acid</b>, dan<b> azelaic acid</b>.Ketiga zat tersebut <b>menghambat</b>
terbentuknya <b>pigmen kulit melanin</b>.Untuk <b>bahan aktif gigi</b> adalah <b>hydrogen
peroksida</b> (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>) dan <b>karbamida peroksida</b>. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c.Pewangi
(Parfum)</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
<b>Bahan pewangi (parfum) </b>dibedakan menjadi 2, yaitu <b>alami</b> dan
<b>sintetis</b>. Bahan pewangi alami berasal dari <b>bagian tumbuhan</b>,
misalnya <b>akar</b>, <b>kulit</b>, <b>kayu</b>, <b>bunga</b> dan
sebagainya.Bahan-bahan tersebut diperoleh dengan cara <b>didestilasi</b>
(disuling). Sementara itu, bahan pewangi sintetis (buatan) berasal dari <b>reaksi
esterifikasi</b>, yaitu reaksi antara <b>alkohol</b> dengan <b>asam karboksilat</b>
yang menghasilkan <b>senyawa ester </b>yang beraroma sedap. Misalnya, <b>oktil
asetat</b> beraroma khas<b> buah jeruk</b>, <b>etil butirat</b> beraroma khas <b>buah
nanas</b>, <b>amil asetat</b> beraroma khas <b>buah pisang</b> dan <b>amil
valerat </b>(<b>metal butirat</b>) beraroma khas <b>buah apel</b>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d.
Pestisida</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pestisida
</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">adalah zat kimia pembasmi hama. Pestisida
ini ada yang alami dan ada pula yang sintetis (buatan). Bahan aktif pestisida
alami, misalnya <b>Piretrin</b> berasal dari bunga krisan (<b><i>Chrysanthemum
cinerariaefolium</i></b>), <b>sitronelal</b> berasal dari tanaman sereh (<b><i>Cymbopogon
nardus</i></b>).Sementara itu, bahan aktif pestisida sintetis (buatan) adalah <b>Permethrin</b>
dan <b>tetramethrin</b>.Berdasarkan peruntukannya, pestisida sintetis dibagi
menjadi 8 macam, yaitu : 1.<b>Insektisida</b> adalah zat kimia pembasmi
serangga, 2.<b>Larvasida</b> adalah zat kimia pembasmi ulat,3. <b>Nematisida</b>
adalah zat kimia pembasmi cacing perusak akar, 4<b>.Rodentisida</b> adalah zat
kimia pembasmi tikus, 5.<b>Bakterisida </b>adalah zat kimia pembasmi bakteri,
6.<b>Virusida </b>adalah zat kimia pembasmi virus, 7.<b>Fungisida</b> adalah
zat kimia pembasmi jamur dan 8<b>.Herbisida</b> adalah zat kimia pembasmi
gulma.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Zat Aditif</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Zat
aditif </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">adalah bahan yang ditambahkan ke
dalam makanan agar makanan lebih tahan lama, lebih menarik, lebih manis, lebih
lezat.Berdasarkan fungsinya, zat aditif dibagi menjadi 4 macam, yaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengawet </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bahan pengawet berdasarkan asalnya
ada 2 macam, yaitu <b>alami </b>dan <b>sintetis (buatan)</b>. Contoh bahan
pengawet alami misalnya, <b>garam</b>, <b>gula</b>, <b>diasap</b>, <b>digoreng</b>,
<b>dibakar</b>, <b>direbus</b>, <b>dijemur</b>, <b>dibakar</b>, <b>diberi
es</b> (<b>didinginkan</b>).Sementara itu, contoh bahan pengawet sintetis
(buatan), misalnya <b>asam benzoat</b>, <b>asam propionat</b>, <b>asam sorbat</b>,
<b>asam tartrat</b>, <b>asam nitrat</b>, <b>asam fosfat</b>. Ada 2 bahan
pengawet sintetis yang sering digunakan untuk makanan, padahal 2 pengawet ini
dilarang pemerintah, yaitu <b>formalin </b>yang digunakan untuk<b> bahan
pengawet mayat</b> dan <b>boraks </b>yang digunakan untuk<b> bahan pemutih
keramik</b>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pewarna</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bahan pewarna berdasarkan asalnya
juga ada 2 macam, yaitu <b>alami </b>dan <b>sintetis</b>.Contoh bahan pewarna <b>kuning
alami</b> : <b>kunyit</b>, <b>wortel </b>dan <b>jeruk</b> sedang contoh bahan
pewarna <b>kuning sintetis</b>, misalnya : <b>tartrazine</b>, <b>kuiolin</b>
dan ada pewarna kuning sintetis yang dilarang pemerintah, yaitu <b>methanyl
yellow</b> sebab pewarna ini biasanya digunakan untuk <b>tekstil</b>
(pakaian).Kalau digunakan untuk makanan akan menyebabkan penyakit <b>kanker
(karsinogen</b>).Bahan pewarna <b>merah alami</b> : <b>daun jati</b>, <b>batang
secang</b>,<b> wortel</b>, <b>tomat</b>, <b>cabai</b>.Sedang bahan pewarna <b>merah
sintetis</b>, misalnya : <b>eritrosin</b>, <b>karmiosin</b>, <b>allura</b> dan
ada pewarna merah sintetis yang dilarang pemerintah, yaitu <b>rhodamin B </b>sebab
pewarna ini juga digunakan untuk <b>tekstil </b>dan kalau digunakan untuk
makanan juga dapat menyebabkan penyakit<b> kanker (karsinogen</b>).Bahan
pewarna biru alami : <b>anggur</b>, <b>ketela rambat gunung Kawi</b>.Sedang
bahan pewarna biru sintetis : <b>indigotine</b>. Bahan pewarna coklat alami : <b>caramel</b>
dan bahan pewarna sintetis : <b>coklat HT</b>. Bahan pewarna hijau alami : <b>daun
suji</b> (<b>pandan</b>) dan bahan pewarna hijau sintetis : <b>fast green</b>.
Bahan pewarna oranye alami : <b>wortel </b>dan bahan pewarna oranye sintetis : <b>sunset
yellow</b>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pemanis</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bahan pemanis berdasarkan asalnya
juga ada 2 macam, yaitu<b> alami </b>dan <b>sintetis</b>.Contoh pemanis alami :
<b>gula, madu, sari buah</b>. Sedang pemanis sintetis, misalnya <b>sakharin,
aspartam, siklamat, sorbitol</b>, dan<b> dulsin</b>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penyedap Rasa</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bahan penyedap rasa<b> </b>berdasarkan
asalnya juga dibagi 2 macam, yaitu :<b> alami</b> dan <b>sintetis</b>.Contoh
penyedap rasa alami, misalnya <b>cabei, cengkeh, pala, laos, merica, bawang,
daun salam, daun jeruk purut, jeruk nipis, daun pandan</b>. Sementara itu<b>,</b>
contoh penyedap rasa sintetis : <b>vetsin </b>atau lazim disebut<b> MSG </b>(<b>Mono
Sodium Glutamat</b>) dengan berbagai merk, misalnya <b>sasa, ajinomoto, miwon,
masako, royco</b> dan sebagainya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">e.
<b>Anti Oksidan</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Anti Oksidan adalah zat dapat
mencegah terjadinya reaksi oksidasi pada suatu makanan atau minuman.Tujuan
pemberian anti oksidan ini adalah agar makanan <b>tidak mengeras</b>, <b>berbau
tengik</b>, dan <b>berubah warna</b>.Contoh
<b>vitamin C</b> (buah-buahan), <b>vitamin E</b> (biji-bijian), <b>asam sitrat </b>(buah jeruk),<b> polifenol</b> (teh) dan<b> propil galat</b> (teh).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">f. <b>Pengemulsi</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Pengemulsi
adalah zat yang memudahkan dalam pembuatan <b>emulsi</b>
dan dapat <b>menstabilkannya</b>.Contoh
pengemulsi, misalnya: <b>lesitin,
polifosfat, kuning telur</b>, dan pegemulsi non makanan, misalnya <b>sabun</b>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">g. <b>Pengembang</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Pengembang
adalah zat yang digunakan untuk mengembangkan suatu makanan.Contoh bahan
pengembang, misalnya :<b> Ragi / years /
permipan</b> (<b>Saccharomyces cerevisae</b>),
dan <b>natrium bikarbonat</b>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">h. <b>Pengeras</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Pengeras
adalah zat yang digunakan untuk mengeraskan makanan agar tidak mudah lembek
(meleleh).Contoh bahan pengeras, misalnya <b>kalsium
karbonat</b> dan <b>aluminium sulfat</b>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">i. <b>Anti Kempal</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Anti
kempal adalah zat yang ditambahkan dalam makanan agar tidak mengempal.Contoh
bahan anti kempal, misalnya <b>Silika
dioksida</b> (<b>garam meja, merica bubuk,
cabei bubuk</b>).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">j. <b>Anti Busa</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Anti
busa adalah zat yang ditambahkan ke dalam makanan agar tidak mudak berbusa.
Contoh bahan anti busa, misalnya : <b>Siloksana</b>
(<b>jus nanas</b>).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Zat Adiktif dan Psikotropika</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Zat adiktif adalah zat yang dapat
mengakibatkan adiksi (ketergantungan) bagi yang mengkonsumsinya.Berdasarkan <b>efeknya
</b>zat adiktif dibagi menjadi 3 macam, yaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Stimulan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, <b>depresan</b>, dan <b>halusinogen</b>. <b>Stimulan</b>
adalah zat yang dapat menstimulir saraf sehingga mempercepat proses di dalam
tubuh.Contoh : <b>kafein, nikotin, kokain</b> dan <b>amfetamin (sabu-sabu)</b>.<b>Depresan</b>
adalah zat yang menyebabkan proses di dalam tubuh melambat. Contoh : <b>alkohol</b>
dan <b>barbiturate </b>(<b>obat penenang</b>).<b>Halusinogen </b>adalah zat
yang dapat menyebabkan halusinasi (berkhayal). Contoh : <b>Ganja</b> atau <b>Mariyuana</b>.Sementara
itu, berdasarkan macamnya zat adiktif dibagi menjadi 9 macam, yaitu : <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: -0.25in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Alkohol</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
Kemunduran kesadaran dan daya ingat , mengganggu koordinasi
gerak, tubuh lemah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: -0.25in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Merokok (Nikotin)</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
Hipertensi (tekanan darah tinggi), meningkatkan denyut jantung
dan gangguan pernafasan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: -0.25in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Morfin / Opium</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Berasal dari
tanaman <b><i> Papaver somniverum</i></b>,kejang-kejang<b>,</b>denyut
jantung meningkat<b>,</b> mengganggu sistem
saraf. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: -0.25in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ganja / Mariyuana</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Berasal
dari tanaman <b><i>Canabis sativa</i></b>, dampaknya susah tidur,
halusinasi, dan pengendalian turun.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: -0.25in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">e.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Heroin</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Merupakan
turunan dari<b> morfin</b>, dampaknya dapat euphoria (gembira berlebihan),
mengantuk dan halusinasi (berkhayal)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: -0.25in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">f.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kodein</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Merupakan
turunan dari<b> morfin</b>, dapat dijadikan obat batuk, euphoria, mengurangi
rasa<b> </b>nyeri, sulit bernafas<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: -0.25in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">g.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ekstasi</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Termasuk
kategori <b>stimulan</b>, dampaknya denyut nadi tidak beraturan, hipertensi
(tekanan darah tinggi),berat badan menurun<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: -0.25in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">h.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Shabu-shabu</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Termasuk
kategori <b>stimulan</b>, dampaknya denyut jantung cepat, mudah panik, hipertensi,
mudah terjadi pendarahan di otak<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: -0.25in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">i.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kokain</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Berasal dari
tanaman <b><i>Coca sp</i></b>., dapat digunakan sebagai anestes<b>i (obat
bius), </b>hipertensi, hiperaktif, demam dan muntah-muntah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">SOAL-SOAL BAHAN KIMIA DALAM KEHIDUPAN</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Secara umum bahan kimia dalam rumah tangga ada 4 macam.
Sebutkan dan jelaskan bahan-bahan yang digunakan untuk
membuat bahan kimia tersebut !<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berdasarkan macamnya, bahan pemutih ada 3 macam. Sebutkan
dan jelaskan bahan-bahan apa yang digunakan untuk membuat bahan pemutih
tersebut !<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berdasarkan asal-usulnya, bahan pewangi (parfum) ada 2
macam, yaitu alami dan sintetis.Tuliskan bahan-bahan untuk membuat pewangi
(parfum) baik secara alami maupun secara sintetis !<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berilah 3 contoh pewangi (parfum) sintetis beserta aroma
khas masing-masing !<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pestisida adalah zat kimia pembasmi hama.Pestisida ini ada 2
macam, yaitu alami dan sintetis. Tuliskan bahan-bahan untuk membuat pestisida
baik secara alami maupun sintetis !<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sebutkan 8 macam pestisida sintetis dan sebutkan pula
penggunaannya untuk membasmi apa ?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Apa yang dimaksud dengan zat Aditif dan apa tujuan makanan
diberi zat aditif ?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berdasarkan fungsinya zat aditif ada 4 macam, sebutkan dan
berilah satu contohnya baik yang alami maupun yang sintetis !<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Zat adiktif dan psikotropika berdasarkan efeknya ada 3
macam, sebutkan dan berilah satu contohnya masing-masing !<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">10.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sementara itu, berdasarkan macamnya zat adiktif dibagi
menjadi 9 macam, sebutkan dan jelaskan dampaknya bagi yang mengkonsumsinya !<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">@@@ GOOD LUCK @@@</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7395363856731919874.post-23133470283135060352014-03-20T23:50:00.001-07:002014-03-20T23:50:33.653-07:00SOAL – SOAL REMIDI UTS BIOLOGI KELAS VIII<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj35c4P9QHNUuJeuGRqSkIpBCN5uGZ4pScQ2KfCUk1_kfXaUgH4IT6RvRQirH4_vCeGdHjuiUJ-9pYky_sOI1y8Tvmj_h-dku1e1z4M-5cn2I10yeeqSuHKOcLPvLcIHW_yIkiEYN3kVA/s1600/IMG00067-20140315-0825.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj35c4P9QHNUuJeuGRqSkIpBCN5uGZ4pScQ2KfCUk1_kfXaUgH4IT6RvRQirH4_vCeGdHjuiUJ-9pYky_sOI1y8Tvmj_h-dku1e1z4M-5cn2I10yeeqSuHKOcLPvLcIHW_yIkiEYN3kVA/s1600/IMG00067-20140315-0825.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b>Oleh : Mahfud<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b>Guru Biologi SMP YPPI – 2 Surabaya<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Jawablah pertanyaan
di bawah ini dengan benar !<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b>1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></b><!--[endif]--><b>Sebutkan dengan lengkap macam jaringan akar
pada tumbuhan Dikotil !<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b>2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></b><!--[endif]--><b>Sebutkan pula macam jaringan batang pada
tumbuhan Dikotil !<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b>3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></b><!--[endif]--><b>Gambarkan irisan jaringan daun pada tanaman
Dikotil !<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b>4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></b><!--[endif]--><b>Gambarkan bagian – bagian bunga beserta
keterangannya !<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b>5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></b><!--[endif]--><b>Tulislah 3 macam faktor internal
fotosintesis !<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b>6.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></b><!--[endif]--><b>Tulislah pula 3 macam faktor eksternal
fotosintesis !<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b>7.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></b><!--[endif]--><b>Tulislah 3 peristiwa yang terjadi pada tahap
reaksi gelap fotosintesis !<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b>8.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></b><!--[endif]--><b>Tulislah pula 3 peristiwa yang terjadi pada
tahap reaksi terang fotosintesis !<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b>9.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></b><!--[endif]--><b>Sebutkan 3 macam gerak tropisme beserta
contohnya masing – masing !<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b>10.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></b><!--[endif]--><b>Sebutkan 3 macam gerak taksis beserta
contohnya masing – masing !<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast">
<br /></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7395363856731919874.post-24764637940710849802013-10-09T19:15:00.003-07:002013-10-09T19:15:38.202-07:00SISTEM GERAK MANUSIA<!--[if !mso]>
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<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiixxy-LAefGzsDjbTH6ZNEk1VDJ3BzM26Ztko7jKDhxhUHhE7hA6I8i3lzJ0Z-kKxfoDZhxjAR1fGXOQeQmqi9Kc4YoFrayyqfoNpg5GL57JYp_KzkT7Wriz4VjTI-2IFExoDwehBmPA/s1600/rangka-manusia.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiixxy-LAefGzsDjbTH6ZNEk1VDJ3BzM26Ztko7jKDhxhUHhE7hA6I8i3lzJ0Z-kKxfoDZhxjAR1fGXOQeQmqi9Kc4YoFrayyqfoNpg5GL57JYp_KzkT7Wriz4VjTI-2IFExoDwehBmPA/s320/rangka-manusia.jpg" width="180" /></a></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-no-proof: yes;"><br /></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Oleh : Mahfud</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Guru Sains (Biologi)
SMP YPPI – 2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Surabaya</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sistem gerak manusia meliputi alat
gerak pasif ( rangka ) dan alat gerak aktif (otot).</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l18 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Rangka ( Tulang )</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l14 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Fungsi Rangka :</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sebagai alat gerak pasif</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sebagai penegak <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tubuh</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Melindungi bagian tubuh yang vital</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tempat melekatnya otot lurik</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tempat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pembentukan sel – sel darah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l14 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Macam Bentuk Tulang</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tulang Pipa</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> :
tulang paha, tulang kering, tulang betis tulang hasta dan tulang pengumpil. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tulang Pipih </span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">:
tulang belikat, tulang selangka, tulang tengkorak, tulang rusuk dan tulang
usus.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tulang Pendek </span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">:
tulang pergelangan tangan, tulang pergelangan kaki, dan ruas-ruas tulang
belakang.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l14 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Jenis Tulang :</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tulang Rawan ( Kartilago ) :</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Hialin : </span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">terdapat antara tulang rusuk dengan
tulang dada, pangkal batang tenggorok, dan persendian.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Fibrosa :</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> terdapat pada tempurung lutut dan
tulang panggul.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Elastis :</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> terdapat pada daun telinga dan hidung.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tulang Keras ( Osteon ) : </span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">tulang yang menyusun<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>rangka manusia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l14 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Rangka Manusia : </span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tengkorak :</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Bagian Kepala :</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1
tulang dahi ( os. frontale )</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2
tulang ubun – ubun ( os. parietale )</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1
tulang kepala belakang ( os. occipitale )</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2
tulang baji ( os. sphenoidale )</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2
tulang tapis ( os. ethmoidale )</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2
tulang pelipis ( os. temporale ).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Bagian Wajah :</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2
tulang rahang atas ( os. maxilla )</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2
tulang rahang bawah ( os. mandibula )</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2
tulang pipi ( os. zigomaticum )</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2
tulang langit – langit <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>( os. pallatum )</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2
tulang hidung ( os. nasale )</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2
tulang air mata ( os. lacrimale )</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1
tulang lidah ( os. hyoideum )</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 1.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4teXTtafwtZSiW37G9F93gh2EazYb4Q0_pdpmONwCoChFqgBU2WqsGq3Mgd-Re_I_IaLMFUTMsicavIzq1Tv_PCMhEHAWsSP4J71LDh0cJs9bW2xKWV3zahHv_xFt7WwnA_CWqGUwJQ/s1600/Tengkorak.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="342" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4teXTtafwtZSiW37G9F93gh2EazYb4Q0_pdpmONwCoChFqgBU2WqsGq3Mgd-Re_I_IaLMFUTMsicavIzq1Tv_PCMhEHAWsSP4J71LDh0cJs9bW2xKWV3zahHv_xFt7WwnA_CWqGUwJQ/s400/Tengkorak.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-no-proof: yes;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Gambar 1<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Tulang Tengkorak</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Badan (os. Trunca) :</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ruas Tulang Belakang (os. Vertebrae) </span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">7
ruas tulang leher (os. Vertebrae cervicale)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">12
ruas tulang punggung (os. Vertebrae thoracalis)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">5
ruas tulang pinggang (os. Vertebrae lumbalis)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">5<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ruas tulang kelangkang (os. Vertebrae sacrum)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">4
ruas tulang ekor (os. Vertebrae cocigeus)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 1.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhoQYpZdC_agn-vZPuqImWwqs8wWpY1kTC4LalXfnMrlasAdkfm1Vpy9l2hc3PHr7iIsy2SC-nh5XQJtTbT6YE8hgHKeHgoPr5X8oVtXQqP8wwBDExZPVZKX3aQSFOL66hc0KNeIK5pAg/s1600/tulanng-belakang.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhoQYpZdC_agn-vZPuqImWwqs8wWpY1kTC4LalXfnMrlasAdkfm1Vpy9l2hc3PHr7iIsy2SC-nh5XQJtTbT6YE8hgHKeHgoPr5X8oVtXQqP8wwBDExZPVZKX3aQSFOL66hc0KNeIK5pAg/s400/tulanng-belakang.jpg" width="243" /></a></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-no-proof: yes;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Gambar 2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Tulang Belakang</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tulang Dada ( os. sternum ) :</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tulang
Hulu ( os. Manubrium sterni )</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tulang
Badan ( os. Corpus sterni )</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tulang
Taju Pedang ( os. Processus xyphoideus )</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHVSvAWGem2Aqgm3jcqeKhT3PlzNuwc7p42txuGMMvrAfxzM3kUHAY52c3Gfk-Van1GdGT-dv75Z_Qh7mnUcwAFN7P8rq9fEvgXTOdxFZvrL69jg0OyqwpK3eejDH3fEqcdLLxAF1-0g/s1600/tulang-dada-dan-rusuk.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHVSvAWGem2Aqgm3jcqeKhT3PlzNuwc7p42txuGMMvrAfxzM3kUHAY52c3Gfk-Van1GdGT-dv75Z_Qh7mnUcwAFN7P8rq9fEvgXTOdxFZvrL69jg0OyqwpK3eejDH3fEqcdLLxAF1-0g/s320/tulang-dada-dan-rusuk.jpg" width="316" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; text-align: left;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Gambar 3<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Tulang Dada dan Rusuk</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tulang Rusuk ( os. Costae ) :</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">7
pasang tulang rusuk sejati ( os. Costa vera )</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3
pasang tulang rusuk palsu ( os. Costa spuria )</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2
pasang tulang rusuk melayang ( os. Costa fluctuantes )</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tulang Gelang Bahu ( os. Humerum ) :</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2
tulang belikat ( os. Scapula )</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2
tulang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>selangka ( os. Clavicula )</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEY12oMcx8eG8qOls5ABKRhR5nnkj1t0gDfJniM9M7Vdafv2GK5KdlS7b19wlg3cfK-7wGy7xLt6cXwahoZKg-KceqoS1rXyD3BFd-WsCgE3V31iwtMkkuWHPcMYzvhyphenhyphenl4k2Kxja2vBA/s1600/gelang+bahu.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEY12oMcx8eG8qOls5ABKRhR5nnkj1t0gDfJniM9M7Vdafv2GK5KdlS7b19wlg3cfK-7wGy7xLt6cXwahoZKg-KceqoS1rXyD3BFd-WsCgE3V31iwtMkkuWHPcMYzvhyphenhyphenl4k2Kxja2vBA/s1600/gelang+bahu.jpg" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-no-proof: yes;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; text-align: left;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Gambar 4<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Tulang Gelang
Bahu</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tulang Gelang Panggul ( os. Pelvis verilis ) </span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2
tulang usus ( os. Ilium )</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2
tulang duduk ( os. ischium )</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2
tulang kemaluan ( os. pubis )</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbcsNllhGtXbC35CBurJ4aJmxnXgQCEFP-9awbDm-W1Khy-EiyDMXDaD3QGleiMa-XeQytHCNZSQIL-Nap_9HC6Nh4bQgSjCjbNxAlMeP693Ahck0HMJOJrW-mHd_kq6uOQUsjWKHLbg/s1600/Gelang+Panggul.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="284" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbcsNllhGtXbC35CBurJ4aJmxnXgQCEFP-9awbDm-W1Khy-EiyDMXDaD3QGleiMa-XeQytHCNZSQIL-Nap_9HC6Nh4bQgSjCjbNxAlMeP693Ahck0HMJOJrW-mHd_kq6uOQUsjWKHLbg/s320/Gelang+Panggul.png" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Gambar 5<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Tulang Gelang
Panggul</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Anggota Gerak :</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tulang Lengan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>( os. extremitas
anterior ) </span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2
tulang lengan atas ( os. humerus )</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2
tulang pengumpil ( os. ulna )</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2
tulang hasta ( os. radius )</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2
x 8 tulang pergelangan tangan ( os. carpal )</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2
x 5 tulang telapak tangan ( os. metacarpal )</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2
x 14 ruas tulang jari <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tangan ( os.
phalanges )</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; text-align: left;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Gambar 6<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Tulang
Anggota Gerak Atas</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tulang Tungkai ( os. extremitas posterior )</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2
tulang paha ( os. femur )</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2
tulang tempurung lutut ( os. patella )</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2
tulang kering ( os. tibia )</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2
tulang betis ( os. fibula )</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2
x 7 tulang pergelangan kaki ( os. tarsus )</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2
x 5 tulang telapak kaki ( os. metatarsus )</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2
x 14 ruas tulang jari kaki ( os. phalanges )</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Gambar 7 Tulang Anggota Gerak Bawah</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l18 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Otot</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Macam Otot :</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Otot Lurik ( Otot Rangka ) :</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Bentuk
silindris dan tak bercabang</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Berseran
lintang ( lurik )</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Reaksi
cepat, mudah lelah</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Volunter
(dipengaruhi saraf)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tempat
: melekat pada rangka</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Otot Polos ( Otot Rongga Dalam ) :</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Bentuk
gelendong ( ujung lancip, tengah membesar )</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tak
berseran lintang ( polos )</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Reaksi
lambat, tahan lama</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Involunter
( tak dipengaruhi saraf )</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tempat
: pada rongga dalam ( saluran pencernaan, reproduksi, ekskresi )</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Otot Jantung ( Myocardium ) :</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Bentuk
silindris dan bercabang-cabang</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Berseran
lintang ( lurik )</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Reaksi
lambat, tahan lama</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Involunter
(tak dipengaruhi saraf )</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tempat
: pada jantung</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l18 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sendi ( Artikulasi )</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sendi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>( artikulasi ) </span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">adalah hubungan antar tulang satu dengan tulang lainnya.Berdasarkan
macamnya, sendi dibagi menjadi </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sendi Mati ( Sinartrosis ) : </span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">sendi yang tidak dapat digerakkan
sama sekali. Sendi mati ini dibagi menjadi 2, yaitu :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sinfibrosis :</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> sendi mati yang penghubungnya dari <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">jaringan ikat</b>, misalnya <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">hubungan antar tulang tengkorak ( sutura )</b>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sinkondrosis :</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> sendi mati yang penghubungnya dari <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">tulang rawan</b>, misalnya <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">hubungan antara tulang rusuk dengan tulang
dada</b>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sendi Kaku ( Amfiartrosis ) :</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> sendi yang dapat digerakkan hanya
sedikit (sangat terbatas), misalnya <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">hubungan
antar ruas tulang belakang</b>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sendi Gerak ( Diartrosis ) : </span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">sendi yang dapat digerakkan dengan
bebas. Sendi gerak ini dibagi menjadi :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sendi Peluru ( Endartrosis ) : </span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">sendi yang dapat digerakkan ke segala
arah, misalnya terdapat pada hubungan antara <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">tulang lengan atas dengan tulang gelang bahu</b> dan <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">tulang paha dengan tulang gelang panggul</b>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sendi Putar ( Trokoidea ) : </span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">sendi yang dapat digerakkan memutar,
misalnya <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">hubungan antara tulang kepala
dengan tulang atlas (leher)</b>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sendi Engsel ( Gynglumus ) : </span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">sendi yang dapat digerakkan ke satu
arah, misalnya terdapat pada<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> sendi siku
dan lutut</b>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sendi Pelana ( Sellaris ) : </span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">sendi yang dapat digerakkan ke dua
arah, misalnya <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">hubungan antara tulang
telapak tangan dengan tulang jari-jari tangan</b>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sendi Geser / Luncur (Ellipsoidea) : </span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">sendi yang dapat bergeser ke depan ke
belakang atau ke kanan ke kiri,misalnya terdapat pada <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">tulang pergelangan tangan dan tulang pergelangan kaki</b>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l18 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kelainan Sistem Gerak :</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tulang Belakang :</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo17; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Lordosis : </span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tulang belakang bengkok ke depan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo17; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kifosis : </span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tulang be<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">l</b>akang bengkok ke belakang.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo17; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Skoliosis : </span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tulang belakang bengkok ke samping.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Gangguan Tulang :</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo18; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Fisura : </span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Retak tulang</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo18; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Fraktura : </span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Patah tulang, ada 2 macam, yaitu <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Patah Tulang Terbuka</b>, yaitu jika tulang
patah dan menembus kulit sedang <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Patah
Tulang Tertutup</b>, jika tulang patah tidak sampai menembus kulit.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Gangguan Persendian :</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo19; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dislokasi : </span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">bergesernya sendi karena sobeknya
ligamen (ikat) sendi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo19; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Terkilir / Sprain : </span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tertariknya ligament (ikat) sendi
karena gerakan mendadak atau mengangkat benda yang terlalu berat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo19; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ankilosis : </span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">sendi menyatu dengan tulang sehingga
tak dapat digerakkan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo19; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Artritis Eksudatif<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Sendi Bernanah) : </span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">radang sendi akibat terkena infeksi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo19; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Artritis Sika (Sendi Kering) : </span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">radang sendi akibat berkurangnya
minyak sendi (sinovial).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Gangguan Fisiologis : </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Rakhitis : </span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">kaki bengkok berbentuk O atau X,
akibat kekurangan vitamin D, kalsium (Ca) dan Fosfor (P).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Osteoporosis : </span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">pengeroposan tulang akibat kekurangan
kalsium (Ca).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mikrosephalus</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> : kepala kecil akibat pertumbuhan
tulang terhambat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Gangguan Otot :</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo21; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Atropi : </span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">otot melemah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan mengecil akibat jarang dilatih.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo21; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Hipertropi : </span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">otot membesar dan mengeras akibat
sering dilatih.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo21; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tetanus : </span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Otot mengeras (kontraksi) akibat
membawa beban terlalu berat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo21; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Stiff : </span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">peradangan otot di bagian leher.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo21; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Hernia abdominalis : </span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">otot dinding perut robek sehingga
usus masuk ke rongga perut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: .5in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">SOAL – SOAL TENTANG SISTEM GERAK MANUSIA</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l13 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sebutkan
5 fungsi rangka manusia !</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l13 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sebutkan
pula macam bentuk tulang manusia beserta contohnya masing – masing !</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l13 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sebutkan
pula jenis tulang manusia ditinjau asal – usulnya disertai contohnya masing –
masing !</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l13 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tuliskan
6 macam tulang yang termasuk tulang wajah !</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l13 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tuliskan
pula 7 macam tulang yang termasuk tulang kepala !</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l13 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tulang
rangka bagian badan (osteon trunca) dibagi menjadi 5 macam dan sebutkan bagian
– bagiannya !</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l13 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tuliskan
macam tulang yang termasuk tulang lengan ( osteon extremitas anterior) !</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l13 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tuliskan
pula macam tulang yang termasuk tulang tungkai ( extremitas posterior ) !</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l13 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Jelaskan
ciri – ciri otot lurik (rangka) pada manusia !</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l13 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Jelaskan pula ciri – ciri otot<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>polos (rongga dalam) pada manusia !</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l13 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">11.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Jelaskan pula ciri – ciri otot
jantung (myocardium) pada manusia !</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l13 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">12.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sebutkan macam sendi mati
(sinartrosis) beserta contohnya !</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l13 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">13.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sebtkan macam sendi gerak (
diartrosis) beserta contoh – contohnya !</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l13 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">14.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tuliskan 3 macam penyakit akibat kelainan
tulang belakang beserta penjelasannya !</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l13 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">15.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tuliskan 5 macam penyakit akibat
gangguan persendian beserta penjelasannya !</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="tab-stops: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="tab-stops: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="tab-stops: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="tab-stops: .5in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">@@@ GOOD<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>LUCK
@@@</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; tab-stops: .5in;">
<br /></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7395363856731919874.post-36761790228441415112013-09-03T20:40:00.001-07:002013-09-03T20:40:10.211-07:00MENCANDRA TUMBUHAN<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b>Oleh : Mahfud</b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b>Guru Biologi SMP YPPI – 2<span>
</span>Surabaya</b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Rasional</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
Selama ini kalau
kita mengagumi tumbuhan karena faktor harumnya, misalnya bunga Mawar (<b><i>Rosa
hibrida</i></b>), bunga Melati (<b><i>Jasminum sambac</i></b>) atau karena
harganya mahal , misalnya pohon Jati (<b><i>Tectona grandis</i></b>), Kayu Cendana (<b><i>Santalum
album</i></b> ) atau karena rimbunnya untuk peneduh jalan, misalnya pohon Trembesi
(<b><i>Samanea
saman</i></b>), pohon Bintaro (<b><i>Cerbera manghas</i></b>) atau mungkin karena
keindahannya, misalnya bonsai Azalea merah (<b><i>Rhododendron indicum</i></b>).
Jarang sekali kita mengagumi suatu tumbuhan mulai dari akar, batang, daun,
bunga, buah sampai bijinya lalu bentuknya kita gambarkan dengan benda-benda
lain yang sudah umum kita kenal.Seperti dalang menggambarkan kecantikan <span> </span>wayang wanita dengan cara mencandra ( basa
Jawa : Nyondro ), misalnya Alise nanggal sepisan (alisnya seperti bulan sabit),
irunge ngudup mlati ( hidungnya seperti kuncup bunga melati), kupinge ngudup
turi ( telinganya seperti kuncup bunga turi ) <span> </span>dan sebagainya.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Mencandra</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
Menurut Kamus
Besar Bahasa Indonesia ( 1991 : 169 ), yang dimaksud mencandra adalah suatu
cara untuk menggambarkan suatu benda dengan benda lain yang sudah umum sampai
sekecil -kecilnya.Dengan demikian pengertian mencandra tumbuhan adalah proses
menggambarkan bagian-bagian tumbuhan sampai sedetail-detailnya dengan
benda-benda yang sudah umum dikenal (Gembong Tjitrosoepomo, 1986 : 260).
Sehubungan hal tersebut, pada hari Senin -Selasa , 3 – 4<span> </span>September 2012 bertempat di Sasana Krida Jati
Jejer Trawas – Mojokerto.Siswa-siswi SMP YPPI – 2 Surabaya kelas VII <span> </span>mengadakan GHL (Gunung, Hutan dan Laut) yang
salah satu kegiatannya, yaitu Mencandra Tumbuhan.Jenis tumbuhan yang dicandra
ada 6, yaitu Jati (<b><i>Tectona grandis</i></b>), Pinus (<b><i>Pinus merkusii</i></b>), Mahoni (<b><i>Swietenia
mahagoni</i></b>), Cengkeh (<b><i>Eugenia aromaticum</i></b>), Salak (<b><i>Salacca
zalacca</i></b>), dan Buah Naga (<b><i>Hylocereus undatus</i></b>).Untuk lebih
jelasnya masing-masing tanaman akan diuraikan sebagai berikut :</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span><span>a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Nama Tumbuhan<span> </span>:
Jati (<b><i>Tectona grandis</i></b>)</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify;">
Bentuk Daun<span> </span>:
Elips</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify;">
Tulang Daun<span> </span>:
Menyirip</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify;">
Jenis Akar<span> </span>:
Tunggang</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.25in;">
Manfaat<span> </span>: Batang untuk bahan bangunan dan mebel, daun
untuk bungkus</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.25in;">
KLASIFIKASI<span> </span>:<span> </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Kingdom<span> </span>:
Plantae (Tumbuhan)</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Subkingdom<span> </span>:
Tracheophyta (Tumbuhan Berpembuluh)</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Superdivisi<span> </span>:
Spermatophyta (Tumbuhan Berbiji)</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span><span>4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Divisi<span> </span>:
Magnoliophyta (Tumbuhan Berbiji Tertutup)</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span><span>5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Kelas<span> </span>:
Magnoliopsida (Tumbuhan Berkeping Dua)</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span><span>6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Subkelas<span> </span>:
Asteridae</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span><span>7.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Ordo<span> </span>:
Lamiales</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span><span>8.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Familia<span> </span>:
Lamiaceae</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span><span>9.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Genus<span> </span>:
Tectona</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span><span>10.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Spesies<span> </span>:
<b><i>Tectona
grandis</i></b> (Jati)<span> </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: center;">
<span>
</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNWG9i7M8qoLzAa2hNGlNdoEcenY4vS8ZzewziS1RzOcC6h0ifb8PYniVLbuppZZ5vYTINcCYCi7tet5eZ5lUzWX8jIikUiSleI8TP8q-HRf08s7EPHlVLrdzrSLdwsLvbA-7alZ2wKw/s1600/Pohon+Jati.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNWG9i7M8qoLzAa2hNGlNdoEcenY4vS8ZzewziS1RzOcC6h0ifb8PYniVLbuppZZ5vYTINcCYCi7tet5eZ5lUzWX8jIikUiSleI8TP8q-HRf08s7EPHlVLrdzrSLdwsLvbA-7alZ2wKw/s400/Pohon+Jati.jpg" width="286" /></a><b> </b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: center;">
<b>Gambar
1 : Pohon Jati (<i>Tectona grandis</i>)</b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span><span>b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Nama Tumbuhan<span> </span>:
Mahoni (<b><i>Swietenia mahagoni</i></b>)</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify;">
Bentuk Daun<span> </span>:
Lanset</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify;">
Tulang Daun<span> </span>:
Menyirip</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify;">
Jenis Akar<span> </span>:
Tunggang</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify;">
Manfaat<span> </span>:
Buahnya sebagai bahan pembuatan obat-obatan (farmasi)</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify;">
KLASIFIKASI<span> </span>:</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Kingdom<span> </span>:
Plantae (Tumbuhan)</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Subkingdom<span> </span>:
Tracheophyta (Tumbuhan Berpembuluh)</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Superdivisi<span> </span>:
Spermatophyta (Tumbuhan Berbiji)</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span><span>4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Divisi<span> </span>:
Magnoliophyta (Tumbuhan Biji Tertutup)</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span><span>5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Kelas<span> </span>:
Magnoliopsida (Tumbuhan Berkeping Dua)</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span><span>6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Subkelas<span> </span>:
Rosidae</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span><span>7.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Ordo<span> </span>:
Sapindales</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span><span>8.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Familia<span> </span>:
Meliaceae</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span><span>9.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Genus<span> </span>:
Swietenia</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span><span>10.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Spesies<span> </span>:
<b><i>Swietenia
mahagoni </i></b>(Mahoni)<span> </span></div>
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<span>
</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: center;">
<span> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgeZKvKBQAK8yuvT7uwb7ip1FvKaTVFB8zvJrTkhiNQEh8DagU4Cuus3hTJemCf4ZocCTWz9UtMMfAVSFyC5p83boRmCAU55P5sGHY2bwZI1CFcohVhTHFvTbZ0HzPXIOl31039NnhrzA/s1600/Pohon+Mahoni.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgeZKvKBQAK8yuvT7uwb7ip1FvKaTVFB8zvJrTkhiNQEh8DagU4Cuus3hTJemCf4ZocCTWz9UtMMfAVSFyC5p83boRmCAU55P5sGHY2bwZI1CFcohVhTHFvTbZ0HzPXIOl31039NnhrzA/s400/Pohon+Mahoni.jpg" width="283" /></a></div>
</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: center;">
<b>Gambar
2 : Pohon Mahoni (<i>Swietenia mahagoni</i>)</b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span><span>c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Nama Tumbuhan<span> </span>:
Pinus (<b><i>Pinus merkusii</i></b>)</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify;">
Bentuk Daun<span> </span>:
Seperti jarum</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify;">
Tulang Daun<span> </span>:
Seperti Sisir</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify;">
Jenis Akar<span> </span>:
Tunggang</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify;">
Manfaat<span> </span>:
Batangnya sebagai bahan bangunan, getahnya untuk bahan korek api,</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify;">
<span> </span><span> </span>bunganya (Strobilusnya) untuk hiasan bunga
kering.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify;">
KLASIFIKASI<span> </span>:</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Kingdom<span> </span>:
Plantae (Tumbuhan)</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Subkingdom<span> </span>:
Tracheophyta (Tumbuhan Berpembuluh)</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Superdivisi<span> </span>:
Spermatophyta (Tumbuhan Berbiji)</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span><span>4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Divisi<span> </span>:
Coniferophyta (Tumbuhan Berdaun Jarum)</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span><span>5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Kelas<span> </span>:
Pinopsida (Tumbuhan Pinus)</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span><span>6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Subkelas<span> </span>:
Pinadae</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span><span>7.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Ordo<span> </span>:
Pinales</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span><span>8.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Familia<span> </span>:
Pinaceae</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span><span>9.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Genus<span> </span>:
Pinus</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span><span>10.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Spesies<span> </span>:
<b><i>Pinus
merkusii </i></b>(Pinus)<span> </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaKfo65a0XqNmjGsCWis8Z-O_uHW9caFpzO3VXeXIMmVuYFqcEQSpIpRa8qGTyW-IgqlLf7YErFgob1gTDdFWVtK5NmIwjBqtAXK-NST668-ZT7QDfiUiqnnfoz95CZHMhtCKL-WzHbw/s1600/Pohon+Pinus.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaKfo65a0XqNmjGsCWis8Z-O_uHW9caFpzO3VXeXIMmVuYFqcEQSpIpRa8qGTyW-IgqlLf7YErFgob1gTDdFWVtK5NmIwjBqtAXK-NST668-ZT7QDfiUiqnnfoz95CZHMhtCKL-WzHbw/s400/Pohon+Pinus.jpg" width="265" /></a></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: center;">
<span>
</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: center;">
<span> </span><b> </b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify;">
<b> Gambar
3 : Pohon Pinus (<i>Pinus merkusii</i>)</b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span><span>d.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Nama Tumbuhan<span> </span>:
Cengkeh (<b><i>Eugenia aromaticum</i></b>)</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify;">
Bentuk Daun<span> </span>:
Lanset (lonjong)</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify;">
Tulang Daun<span> </span>:
Menyirip</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify;">
Jenis Akar<span> </span>:
Tunggang</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify;">
Manfaat<span> </span>:
Bunganya untuk bahan campuran rokok, penyedap rasa alami, minyak </div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify;">
<span> </span><span></span>cengkeh.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify;">
KLASIFIKASI<span> </span>:</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Kingdom<span> </span>:
Plantae (Tumbuhan)</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Subkingdom<span> </span>:
Tracheophyta (Tumbuhan Berpembuluh)</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Superdivisi<span> </span>:
Spermatophyta (Tumbuhan Berbiji)</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span><span>4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Divisi<span> </span>:
Magnoliophyta (Tumbuhan Biji Tertutup)</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span><span>5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Kelas<span> </span>:
Magnoliopsida (Tumbuhan Berkeping Dua)</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span><span>6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Subkelas<span> </span>:
Rosidae</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span><span>7.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Ordo<span> </span>:
Myrtales</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span><span>8.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Familia<span> </span>:
Myrtaceae</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span><span>9.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Genus<span> </span>:
Eugenia</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span><span>10.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Spesies<span> </span>:
<b><i>Eugenia
aromaticum </i></b>(Cengkeh)</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6L4XY5yDH6g58BhAsSMwXYkZmlAiJMPq7WyxzAvlJiM7pOV8GoBVpwR6WZHs2AviXs7oQc66Cjgxop-4yOQVQOl9JnoR3ZpvobeZaJ8sPxt4SAso7EnLwdaOhWr9d4w-9zNZDCfbaTg/s1600/Pohon+Cengkeh.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6L4XY5yDH6g58BhAsSMwXYkZmlAiJMPq7WyxzAvlJiM7pOV8GoBVpwR6WZHs2AviXs7oQc66Cjgxop-4yOQVQOl9JnoR3ZpvobeZaJ8sPxt4SAso7EnLwdaOhWr9d4w-9zNZDCfbaTg/s400/Pohon+Cengkeh.jpg" width="268" /></a></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: center;">
<span>
</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: left;">
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify;">
<b> Gambar
4 : Pohon Cengkeh (<i>Eugenia aromaticum</i>)</b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span><span>e.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Nama Tumbuhan<span> </span>:
Salak (<b><i>Salacca zalacca)</i></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify;">
Bentuk Daun<span> </span>:
Seperti Pita</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify;">
Tulang Daun<span> </span>:
Sejajar<span> </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify;">
Jenis Akar<span> </span>:
Serabut</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify;">
Manfaat<span> </span>:
Buah enak dikonsumsi sebagai sumber vitamin C, daun sebagai atap </div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify;">
<span> </span><span> </span>kandang ternak.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify;">
KLASIFIKASI<span> </span>:</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Kingdom<span> </span>:
Plantae (Tumbuhan)</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Subkingdom<span> </span>:
Tracheophyta (Tumbuhan Berpembuluh)</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Superdivisi<span> </span>:
Spermatophyta (Tumbuhan Berbiji)</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span><span>4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Divisi<span> </span>:
Magnoliophyta (Tumbuhan Biji Tertutup)</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span><span>5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Kelas<span> </span>:
Liliopsida (Tumbuhan Berkeping Satu)</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span><span>6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Subkelas<span> </span>:
Arecidae</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span><span>7.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Ordo<span> </span>:
Arecales</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span><span>8.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Familia<span> </span>:
Arecaceae</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span><span>9.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Genus<span> </span>:
Salacca</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span><span>10.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Spesies<span> </span>:
<b><i>Salacca
zalacca </i></b>(Salak)</div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: center;">
<span>
</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieLpyHOkIcc97hZZt-38lvMT3_tDVH8InqjyCX0RiiL-8845jF9jPaYUyf2LPUbwMCqt5SecU0NMyOg6kZGYzPZ0Hqy-a6nLNuKX8KATGcoxzaR4Fgq_zg4lncVDeFQ8OjJuYt3X26nA/s1600/Pohon+Salak.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieLpyHOkIcc97hZZt-38lvMT3_tDVH8InqjyCX0RiiL-8845jF9jPaYUyf2LPUbwMCqt5SecU0NMyOg6kZGYzPZ0Hqy-a6nLNuKX8KATGcoxzaR4Fgq_zg4lncVDeFQ8OjJuYt3X26nA/s400/Pohon+Salak.jpg" width="274" /></a></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify;">
<b> Gambar
5 : Tanaman Salak (<i>Salacca zalacca</i>)</b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span><span>f.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Nama Tumbuhan<span> </span>:
Buah Naga (<b><i>Hylocereus undatus</i></b>)</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify;">
Bentuk Daun<span> </span>:
Berubah menjadi Duri</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify;">
Tulang Daun<span> </span>:
Duri bentuk bintang</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify;">
Jenis Akar<span> </span>:
Tunggang</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify;">
Manfaat<span> </span>:
Buah dikonsumsi untuk penurun kolesterol dan penyeimbang gula </div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify;">
<span> </span><span></span>darah.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify;">
KLASIFIKASI<span> </span>:</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Kingdom<span> </span>:
Plantae (Tumbuhan)</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Subkingdom<span> </span>:
Tracheophyta (Tumbuhan Berpembuluh)</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Superdivisi<span> </span>:
Spermatophyta (Tumbuhan Berbiji)</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span><span>4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Divisi<span> </span>:
Magnoliophyta (Tumbuhan Biji Tertutup)</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span><span>5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Kelas<span> </span>:
Magnoliopsida (Tumbuhan Berkeping Dua)</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span><span>6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Subkelas<span> </span>:
Hamamelidae</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span><span>7.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Ordo<span> </span>:
Caryophyllales</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span><span>8.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Familia<span> </span>:
Cactaceae</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span><span>9.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Genus<span> </span>:
Hylocereus</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span><span>10.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Spesies<span> </span>:
<b><i>Hylocereus
undatus </i></b>(Buah Naga).</div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: center;">
<span>
</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfYJPlZ-CFOtkSixUbiAJOnPZEyNwD0cmHwWP6RIiT-KupanfUQ2LLnwO91q43W80ntKqpG3jsi5bV3AbfIFWUm5qJ9T3UxbEy_iT99X88CGax2NjI93ElUQQ-AYDrXPmaQN1B8FIPnQ/s1600/Buah+Naga.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfYJPlZ-CFOtkSixUbiAJOnPZEyNwD0cmHwWP6RIiT-KupanfUQ2LLnwO91q43W80ntKqpG3jsi5bV3AbfIFWUm5qJ9T3UxbEy_iT99X88CGax2NjI93ElUQQ-AYDrXPmaQN1B8FIPnQ/s400/Buah+Naga.jpg" width="299" /></a></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify;">
<b> Gambar
6 : Tanaman Buah Naga (<i>Hylocereus undatus</i>)</b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Penutup</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
Berdasarkan
uraian di atas, mulai sekarang bila kita menemukan suatu tumbuhan maka kita
tidak saja mengagumi tumbuhan tersebut karena keharuman bunganya<span> </span>, mahal harganya, rimbun daunnya
atau karena keindahan penampakannya saja, melainkan juga mulai mencandra bagian
tumbuhan mulai dari akar, batang, bentuk daun, tulang daun, manfaatnya bahkan
sampai klasifikasinya. Bagaimana menurut anda ?</div>
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<br /></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7395363856731919874.post-88400137748697245512012-10-09T23:21:00.001-07:002013-09-03T20:36:02.978-07:00MENCANDRA TUMBUHAN<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcO64KUafBxC5t2_MPHL7wAELfxAozrIWpy5FfPB0kIjV07CmeIHzTKG2NeCR7zL_vrbAv1gEX9JmVhm-UohpepI15fFaahxjODiIEVJHsXyZ4H9iK016AC0UKM6XOWcraTjrctR-V3Q/s1600/Buah+Naga.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcO64KUafBxC5t2_MPHL7wAELfxAozrIWpy5FfPB0kIjV07CmeIHzTKG2NeCR7zL_vrbAv1gEX9JmVhm-UohpepI15fFaahxjODiIEVJHsXyZ4H9iK016AC0UKM6XOWcraTjrctR-V3Q/s640/Buah+Naga.jpg" width="479" /></a></div>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b>Oleh : Mahfud</b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b>Guru Biologi SMP YPPI – 2<span>
</span>Surabaya</b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Rasional</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
Selama ini kalau
kita mengagumi tumbuhan karena faktor harumnya, misalnya bunga Mawar (<b><i>Rosa
hibrida</i></b>), bunga Melati (<b><i>Jasminum sambac</i></b>) atau karena
harganya mahal , misalnya pohon Jati (<b><i>Tectona grandis</i></b>), Kayu Cendana (<b><i>Santalum
album</i></b> ) atau karena rimbunnya untuk peneduh jalan, misalnya pohon Trembesi
(<b><i>Samanea
saman</i></b>), pohon Bintaro (<b><i>Cerbera manghas</i></b>) atau mungkin karena
keindahannya, misalnya bonsai Azalea merah (<b><i>Rhododendron indicum</i></b>).
Jarang sekali kita mengagumi suatu tumbuhan mulai dari akar, batang, daun,
bunga, buah sampai bijinya lalu bentuknya kita gambarkan dengan benda-benda
lain yang sudah umum kita kenal.Seperti dalang menggambarkan kecantikan <span> </span>wayang wanita dengan cara mencandra ( basa
Jawa : Nyondro ), misalnya Alise nanggal sepisan (alisnya seperti bulan sabit),
irunge ngudup mlati ( hidungnya seperti kuncup bunga melati), kupinge ngudup
turi ( telinganya seperti kuncup bunga turi ) <span> </span>dan sebagainya.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Mencandra</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
Menurut Kamus
Besar Bahasa Indonesia ( 1991 : 169 ), yang dimaksud mencandra adalah suatu
cara untuk menggambarkan suatu benda dengan benda lain yang sudah umum sampai
sekecil -kecilnya.Dengan demikian pengertian mencandra tumbuhan adalah proses
menggambarkan bagian-bagian tumbuhan sampai sedetail-detailnya dengan
benda-benda yang sudah umum dikenal (Gembong Tjitrosoepomo, 1986 : 260).
Sehubungan hal tersebut, pada hari Senin -Selasa , 3 – 4<span> </span>September 2012 bertempat di Sasana Krida Jati
Jejer Trawas – Mojokerto.Siswa-siswi SMP YPPI – 2 Surabaya kelas VII <span> </span>mengadakan GHL (Gunung, Hutan dan Laut) yang
salah satu kegiatannya, yaitu Mencandra Tumbuhan.Jenis tumbuhan yang dicandra
ada 6, yaitu Jati (<b><i>Tectona grandis</i></b>), Pinus (<b><i>Pinus merkusii</i></b>), Mahoni (<b><i>Swietenia
mahagoni</i></b>), Cengkeh (<b><i>Eugenia aromaticum</i></b>), Salak (<b><i>Salacca
zalacca</i></b>), dan Buah Naga (<b><i>Hylocereus undatus</i></b>).Untuk lebih
jelasnya masing-masing tanaman akan diuraikan sebagai berikut :</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span><span>a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Nama Tumbuhan<span> </span>:
Jati (<b><i>Tectona grandis</i></b>)</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify;">
Bentuk Daun<span> </span>:
Elips</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify;">
Tulang Daun<span> </span>:
Menyirip</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify;">
Jenis Akar<span> </span>:
Tunggang</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.25in;">
Manfaat<span> </span>: Batang untuk bahan bangunan dan mebel, daun
untuk bungkus</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.25in;">
KLASIFIKASI<span> </span>:<span> </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Kingdom<span> </span>:
Plantae (Tumbuhan)</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Subkingdom<span> </span>:
Tracheophyta (Tumbuhan Berpembuluh)</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Superdivisi<span> </span>:
Spermatophyta (Tumbuhan Berbiji)</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span><span>4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Divisi<span> </span>:
Magnoliophyta (Tumbuhan Berbiji Tertutup)</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span><span>5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Kelas<span> </span>:
Magnoliopsida (Tumbuhan Berkeping Dua)</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span><span>6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Subkelas<span> </span>:
Asteridae</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span><span>7.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Ordo<span> </span>:
Lamiales</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span><span>8.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Familia<span> </span>:
Lamiaceae</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span><span>9.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Genus<span> </span>:
Tectona</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span><span>10.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Spesies<span> </span>:
<b><i>Tectona
grandis</i></b> (Jati)<span> </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span>
</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNWG9i7M8qoLzAa2hNGlNdoEcenY4vS8ZzewziS1RzOcC6h0ifb8PYniVLbuppZZ5vYTINcCYCi7tet5eZ5lUzWX8jIikUiSleI8TP8q-HRf08s7EPHlVLrdzrSLdwsLvbA-7alZ2wKw/s1600/Pohon+Jati.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNWG9i7M8qoLzAa2hNGlNdoEcenY4vS8ZzewziS1RzOcC6h0ifb8PYniVLbuppZZ5vYTINcCYCi7tet5eZ5lUzWX8jIikUiSleI8TP8q-HRf08s7EPHlVLrdzrSLdwsLvbA-7alZ2wKw/s400/Pohon+Jati.jpg" width="286" /></a><b> </b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: center;">
<b>Gambar
1 : Pohon Jati (<i>Tectona grandis</i>)</b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span><span>b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Nama Tumbuhan<span> </span>:
Mahoni (<b><i>Swietenia mahagoni</i></b>)</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify;">
Bentuk Daun<span> </span>:
Lanset</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify;">
Tulang Daun<span> </span>:
Menyirip</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify;">
Jenis Akar<span> </span>:
Tunggang</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify;">
Manfaat<span> </span>:
Buahnya sebagai bahan pembuatan obat-obatan (farmasi)</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify;">
KLASIFIKASI<span> </span>:</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Kingdom<span> </span>:
Plantae (Tumbuhan)</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Subkingdom<span> </span>:
Tracheophyta (Tumbuhan Berpembuluh)</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Superdivisi<span> </span>:
Spermatophyta (Tumbuhan Berbiji)</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span><span>4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Divisi<span> </span>:
Magnoliophyta (Tumbuhan Biji Tertutup)</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span><span>5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Kelas<span> </span>:
Magnoliopsida (Tumbuhan Berkeping Dua)</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span><span>6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Subkelas<span> </span>:
Rosidae</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span><span>7.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Ordo<span> </span>:
Sapindales</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span><span>8.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Familia<span> </span>:
Meliaceae</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span><span>9.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Genus<span> </span>:
Swietenia</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span><span>10.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Spesies<span> </span>:
<b><i>Swietenia
mahagoni </i></b>(Mahoni)<span> </span></div>
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<span>
</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: center;">
<span> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgeZKvKBQAK8yuvT7uwb7ip1FvKaTVFB8zvJrTkhiNQEh8DagU4Cuus3hTJemCf4ZocCTWz9UtMMfAVSFyC5p83boRmCAU55P5sGHY2bwZI1CFcohVhTHFvTbZ0HzPXIOl31039NnhrzA/s1600/Pohon+Mahoni.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgeZKvKBQAK8yuvT7uwb7ip1FvKaTVFB8zvJrTkhiNQEh8DagU4Cuus3hTJemCf4ZocCTWz9UtMMfAVSFyC5p83boRmCAU55P5sGHY2bwZI1CFcohVhTHFvTbZ0HzPXIOl31039NnhrzA/s400/Pohon+Mahoni.jpg" width="283" /></a></div>
</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: center;">
<b>Gambar
2 : Pohon Mahoni (<i>Swietenia mahagoni</i>)</b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span><span>c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Nama Tumbuhan<span> </span>:
Pinus (<b><i>Pinus merkusii</i></b>)</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify;">
Bentuk Daun<span> </span>:
Seperti jarum</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify;">
Tulang Daun<span> </span>:
Seperti Sisir</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify;">
Jenis Akar<span> </span>:
Tunggang</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify;">
Manfaat<span> </span>:
Batangnya sebagai bahan bangunan, getahnya untuk bahan korek api,</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify;">
<span> </span><span> </span>bunganya (Strobilusnya) untuk hiasan bunga
kering.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify;">
KLASIFIKASI<span> </span>:</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Kingdom<span> </span>:
Plantae (Tumbuhan)</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Subkingdom<span> </span>:
Tracheophyta (Tumbuhan Berpembuluh)</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Superdivisi<span> </span>:
Spermatophyta (Tumbuhan Berbiji)</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span><span>4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Divisi<span> </span>:
Coniferophyta (Tumbuhan Berdaun Jarum)</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span><span>5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Kelas<span> </span>:
Pinopsida (Tumbuhan Pinus)</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span><span>6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Subkelas<span> </span>:
Pinadae</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span><span>7.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Ordo<span> </span>:
Pinales</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span><span>8.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Familia<span> </span>:
Pinaceae</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span><span>9.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Genus<span> </span>:
Pinus</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span><span>10.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Spesies<span> </span>:
<b><i>Pinus
merkusii </i></b>(Pinus)<span> </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaKfo65a0XqNmjGsCWis8Z-O_uHW9caFpzO3VXeXIMmVuYFqcEQSpIpRa8qGTyW-IgqlLf7YErFgob1gTDdFWVtK5NmIwjBqtAXK-NST668-ZT7QDfiUiqnnfoz95CZHMhtCKL-WzHbw/s1600/Pohon+Pinus.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaKfo65a0XqNmjGsCWis8Z-O_uHW9caFpzO3VXeXIMmVuYFqcEQSpIpRa8qGTyW-IgqlLf7YErFgob1gTDdFWVtK5NmIwjBqtAXK-NST668-ZT7QDfiUiqnnfoz95CZHMhtCKL-WzHbw/s400/Pohon+Pinus.jpg" width="265" /></a></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: center;">
<span>
</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: center;">
<span> </span><b> </b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify;">
<b> Gambar
3 : Pohon Pinus (<i>Pinus merkusii</i>)</b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span><span>d.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Nama Tumbuhan<span> </span>:
Cengkeh (<b><i>Eugenia aromaticum</i></b>)</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify;">
Bentuk Daun<span> </span>:
Lanset (lonjong)</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify;">
Tulang Daun<span> </span>:
Menyirip</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify;">
Jenis Akar<span> </span>:
Tunggang</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify;">
Manfaat<span> </span>:
Bunganya untuk bahan campuran rokok, penyedap rasa alami, minyak </div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify;">
<span> </span><span></span>cengkeh.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify;">
KLASIFIKASI<span> </span>:</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Kingdom<span> </span>:
Plantae (Tumbuhan)</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Subkingdom<span> </span>:
Tracheophyta (Tumbuhan Berpembuluh)</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Superdivisi<span> </span>:
Spermatophyta (Tumbuhan Berbiji)</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span><span>4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Divisi<span> </span>:
Magnoliophyta (Tumbuhan Biji Tertutup)</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span><span>5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Kelas<span> </span>:
Magnoliopsida (Tumbuhan Berkeping Dua)</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span><span>6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Subkelas<span> </span>:
Rosidae</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span><span>7.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Ordo<span> </span>:
Myrtales</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span><span>8.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Familia<span> </span>:
Myrtaceae</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span><span>9.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Genus<span> </span>:
Eugenia</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span><span>10.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Spesies<span> </span>:
<b><i>Eugenia
aromaticum </i></b>(Cengkeh)</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6L4XY5yDH6g58BhAsSMwXYkZmlAiJMPq7WyxzAvlJiM7pOV8GoBVpwR6WZHs2AviXs7oQc66Cjgxop-4yOQVQOl9JnoR3ZpvobeZaJ8sPxt4SAso7EnLwdaOhWr9d4w-9zNZDCfbaTg/s1600/Pohon+Cengkeh.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6L4XY5yDH6g58BhAsSMwXYkZmlAiJMPq7WyxzAvlJiM7pOV8GoBVpwR6WZHs2AviXs7oQc66Cjgxop-4yOQVQOl9JnoR3ZpvobeZaJ8sPxt4SAso7EnLwdaOhWr9d4w-9zNZDCfbaTg/s400/Pohon+Cengkeh.jpg" width="268" /></a></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: center;">
<span>
</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: left;">
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify;">
<b> Gambar
4 : Pohon Cengkeh (<i>Eugenia aromaticum</i>)</b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span><span>e.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Nama Tumbuhan<span> </span>:
Salak (<b><i>Salacca zalacca)</i></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify;">
Bentuk Daun<span> </span>:
Seperti Pita</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify;">
Tulang Daun<span> </span>:
Sejajar<span> </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify;">
Jenis Akar<span> </span>:
Serabut</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify;">
Manfaat<span> </span>:
Buah enak dikonsumsi sebagai sumber vitamin C, daun sebagai atap </div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify;">
<span> </span><span> </span>kandang ternak.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify;">
KLASIFIKASI<span> </span>:</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Kingdom<span> </span>:
Plantae (Tumbuhan)</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Subkingdom<span> </span>:
Tracheophyta (Tumbuhan Berpembuluh)</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Superdivisi<span> </span>:
Spermatophyta (Tumbuhan Berbiji)</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span><span>4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Divisi<span> </span>:
Magnoliophyta (Tumbuhan Biji Tertutup)</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span><span>5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Kelas<span> </span>:
Liliopsida (Tumbuhan Berkeping Satu)</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span><span>6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Subkelas<span> </span>:
Arecidae</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span><span>7.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Ordo<span> </span>:
Arecales</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span><span>8.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Familia<span> </span>:
Arecaceae</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span><span>9.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Genus<span> </span>:
Salacca</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span><span>10.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Spesies<span> </span>:
<b><i>Salacca
zalacca </i></b>(Salak)</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: center;">
<span>
</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieLpyHOkIcc97hZZt-38lvMT3_tDVH8InqjyCX0RiiL-8845jF9jPaYUyf2LPUbwMCqt5SecU0NMyOg6kZGYzPZ0Hqy-a6nLNuKX8KATGcoxzaR4Fgq_zg4lncVDeFQ8OjJuYt3X26nA/s1600/Pohon+Salak.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieLpyHOkIcc97hZZt-38lvMT3_tDVH8InqjyCX0RiiL-8845jF9jPaYUyf2LPUbwMCqt5SecU0NMyOg6kZGYzPZ0Hqy-a6nLNuKX8KATGcoxzaR4Fgq_zg4lncVDeFQ8OjJuYt3X26nA/s400/Pohon+Salak.jpg" width="274" /></a></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify;">
<b> Gambar
5 : Tanaman Salak (<i>Salacca zalacca</i>)</b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span><span>f.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Nama Tumbuhan<span> </span>:
Buah Naga (<b><i>Hylocereus undatus</i></b>)</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify;">
Bentuk Daun<span> </span>:
Berubah menjadi Duri</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify;">
Tulang Daun<span> </span>:
Duri bentuk bintang</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify;">
Jenis Akar<span> </span>:
Tunggang</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify;">
Manfaat<span> </span>:
Buah dikonsumsi untuk penurun kolesterol dan penyeimbang gula </div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify;">
<span> </span><span></span>darah.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify;">
KLASIFIKASI<span> </span>:</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Kingdom<span> </span>:
Plantae (Tumbuhan)</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Subkingdom<span> </span>:
Tracheophyta (Tumbuhan Berpembuluh)</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Superdivisi<span> </span>:
Spermatophyta (Tumbuhan Berbiji)</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span><span>4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Divisi<span> </span>:
Magnoliophyta (Tumbuhan Biji Tertutup)</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span><span>5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Kelas<span> </span>:
Magnoliopsida (Tumbuhan Berkeping Dua)</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span><span>6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Subkelas<span> </span>:
Hamamelidae</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span><span>7.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Ordo<span> </span>:
Caryophyllales</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span><span>8.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Familia<span> </span>:
Cactaceae</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span><span>9.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Genus<span> </span>:
Hylocereus</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span><span>10.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Spesies<span> </span>:
<b><i>Hylocereus
undatus </i></b>(Buah Naga).</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: center;">
<span>
</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfYJPlZ-CFOtkSixUbiAJOnPZEyNwD0cmHwWP6RIiT-KupanfUQ2LLnwO91q43W80ntKqpG3jsi5bV3AbfIFWUm5qJ9T3UxbEy_iT99X88CGax2NjI93ElUQQ-AYDrXPmaQN1B8FIPnQ/s1600/Buah+Naga.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfYJPlZ-CFOtkSixUbiAJOnPZEyNwD0cmHwWP6RIiT-KupanfUQ2LLnwO91q43W80ntKqpG3jsi5bV3AbfIFWUm5qJ9T3UxbEy_iT99X88CGax2NjI93ElUQQ-AYDrXPmaQN1B8FIPnQ/s400/Buah+Naga.jpg" width="299" /></a></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify;">
<b> Gambar
6 : Tanaman Buah Naga (<i>Hylocereus undatus</i>)</b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Penutup</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
Berdasarkan
uraian di atas, mulai sekarang bila kita menemukan suatu tumbuhan maka kita
tidak saja mengagumi tumbuhan tersebut karena keharuman bunganya<span> </span>, mahal harganya, rimbun daunnya
atau karena keindahan penampakannya saja, melainkan juga mulai mencandra bagian
tumbuhan mulai dari akar, batang, bentuk daun, tulang daun, manfaatnya bahkan
sampai klasifikasinya. Bagaimana menurut anda ?</div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7395363856731919874.post-40370186473617491642013-08-20T18:24:00.002-07:002013-08-20T18:39:32.684-07:00PERTUMBUHAN DAN PERKEMBANGAN<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Oleh : Mahfud<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Guru Biologi (IPA) SMP
YPPI – 2 Surabaya<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Beda Pertumbuhan Dengan Perkembangan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pertumbuhan adalah proses penambahan jumlah dan ukuran sel makhluk hidup.
Bersifat <b><i>kuantitatif</i></b>, artinya dapat diukur dan dinyatakan dalam bentuk
angka. Contoh Agung tingginya 170 cm dan
beratnya 60 kg. Alat ukur pertumbuhan tanaman disebut <b>Auksanometer</b> (busur pertumbuhan). Sementara itu, perkembangan
adalah proses menuju kearah kedewasaan yang seiring dengan
pertumbuhan.Perkembangan ini bersifat <b><i>kualitatif</i></b>, artinya tidak dapat
diukur dan tidak dapat dinyatakan dalam bentuk angka. Contoh bila pada hewan
dan manusia sudah menghasilkan sperma atau ovum sedang pada tumbuhan bila sudah
mulai berbunga.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\MAHFUD~1.YPP\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.jpg"
o:title="auksanometer"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/MAHFUD~1.YPP/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_i1031" /><!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Gambar 1 : Auksanometer<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Daerah Pertumbuhan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Daerah pertumbuhan
(meristematis) pada tumbuhan ada 2 macam, yaitu <b>Apikal</b> (ujung) dan <b>Lateral</b>
(kambium).Untuk pertumbuhan ujung dibagi 2, yaitu <b>ujung batang </b>dan <b>ujung akar</b>.
Pertumbuhan apikal menyebabkan tanaman tumbuh menjadi tinggi atau akarnya
bertambah panjang. Sedang pertumbuhan lateral menyebabkan tanaman diameternya
bertambah besar. Sementara itu, daerah pertumbuhan apikal dibagi menjadi 3
daerah pertumbuhan, yaitu <b>zona
pertumbuhan</b>, <b>zona pemanjangan</b>,
dan <b>zona
diferensiasi (pematangan)</b>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjl7kAFGMIsRgIdqC2PJFOpVE5ABGR5gCyJjW9bh3Co1BEajjqR0niCEPq8tkcLjJK3O5eQgWaEclYvj3qhpoTGHNjJ2K866paXLE06eATHLtvvOUzyzMCNo90_2ZHNjqusPxUUdlBdw/s1600/Zona+Meristem+Akar.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="251" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjl7kAFGMIsRgIdqC2PJFOpVE5ABGR5gCyJjW9bh3Co1BEajjqR0niCEPq8tkcLjJK3O5eQgWaEclYvj3qhpoTGHNjJ2K866paXLE06eATHLtvvOUzyzMCNo90_2ZHNjqusPxUUdlBdw/s400/Zona+Meristem+Akar.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1030" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:321pt;height:201.75pt;
visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\MAHFUD~1.YPP\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image002.jpg"
o:title="Zona Meristem Akar"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/MAHFUD~1.YPP/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_i1030" /></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Gambar 2 : Zona Pertumbuhan Akar<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Faktor Pertumbuhan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Secara umum faktor yang mempengaruhi pertumbuhan tanaman ada 2 macam,
yaitu : <b>internal </b>(dari dalam) dan <b>eksternal </b>( dari luar).Faktor internal
pertumbuhan ada 2, yaitu <b>gen / DNA</b>
(keturunan) dan <b>hormon</b> (fitohormon).
Sedang faktor eksternal pertumbuhan, antara lain : suhu (temperatur), air (H<sub>2</sub>O), kelembaban, makanan
(nutrisi), cahaya (sinar), Oksigen (O<sub>2</sub>), karbondioksida (CO<sub>2</sub>)
dan sebagainya.Sementara itu, macam hormon tumbuhan (fitohormon), antara lain :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">a.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Auksin</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> :
memacu pemanjangan akar, batang dan perkecambahan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">b.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Giberelin </span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">: membuat
tanaman tumbuh “meraksasa” dan dapat
berbuah tanpa biji (partenokarpi).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">c.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sitokinin </span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">:
memacu pembelahan sel pada tumbuhan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">d.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Asam traumalin </span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">:
memacu penyembuhan luka pada tumbuhan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">e.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Asam Absisat </span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">:
menghambat pertumbuhan tunas dan memacu dormansi (“tidur” ).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">f.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Gas Etelin (karbit) </span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">: memacu pematangan buah sebelum
waktunya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">g.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kalin </span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">: memacu
pertumbuhan pada bagian tumbuhan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Rhizokalin</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> : memacu pertumbuhan akar<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kaulokalin</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> : memacu pertumbuhan batang.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Filokalin</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> : memacu pertumbuhan daun.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Anthokalin </span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">: memacu pertumbuhan bunga.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pola Pertumbuhan</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Secara umum pola pertumbuhan makhluk hidup mengikuti pola Sigmoid (model
S ) yang meliputi 4 fase,yaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">a.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Fase Logaritmik</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
(lambat dipercepat)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">b.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Fase Eksponensial</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> (cepat dipercepat)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">c.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Fase Linier / Stasioner</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> ( Cepat dengan laju tetap)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">d.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Fase Senescens </span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">(
penuaan / kematian)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1029" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:304.5pt;height:214.5pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\MAHFUD~1.YPP\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image004.jpg"
o:title="Kurva Sigmoid"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/MAHFUD~1.YPP/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image005.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_i1029" /><!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCXqMshGEUUtlJEehipapPlui8TSBihWmXm7hq0zx4nkrOyXg2t-jtomE-fve_Uap3W3JnrKH3YiNuAAYdvc3mBeAMTz-OEeeTNrrVooT7ilqDtUdxpowOawUo_fZBn9uu9qQtzpXX1w/s1600/Kurva+Sigmoid.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="281" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCXqMshGEUUtlJEehipapPlui8TSBihWmXm7hq0zx4nkrOyXg2t-jtomE-fve_Uap3W3JnrKH3YiNuAAYdvc3mBeAMTz-OEeeTNrrVooT7ilqDtUdxpowOawUo_fZBn9uu9qQtzpXX1w/s400/Kurva+Sigmoid.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Gambar 3 : Kurva Pertumbuhan Sigmoid<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Metamorfosis dan Metagenesis<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Metamorfosis adalah proses perubahan bentuk tubuh mulai kecil hingga
dewasa. Metamorfosis ini ada 2 macam, yaitu : <b>Metamorfosis Sempurna</b> (<b>Holometabola</b>)
dan <b>Metamorfosis Tak Sempurna</b> (<b>Hemimetabola</b>).Tahap metamorfosis
sempurna meliputi :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Telur – ulat (larva) – kepompong (pupa) – imago (dewasa), contoh : <b>kupu-kupu</b>. Sedang tahap metamorphosis
tak sempurna meliputi : telur – nimfa –
imago (dewasa), contoh :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Belalang</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<b><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjva0CUE6NzanHS1PTyFtvCr_emmIGdSS29QhJkX50IKODcGcq98oesLklsvaR_ykxWihsA581GqXXGMLyFmeaNKR6o59WBSQiKtwx5uW8sksozEKOHleRMMCmIhWjyqn4jIjAxI7KnGQ/s1600/Kupu2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="289" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjva0CUE6NzanHS1PTyFtvCr_emmIGdSS29QhJkX50IKODcGcq98oesLklsvaR_ykxWihsA581GqXXGMLyFmeaNKR6o59WBSQiKtwx5uW8sksozEKOHleRMMCmIhWjyqn4jIjAxI7KnGQ/s400/Kupu2.jpg" width="400" /></a></b></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_1" o:spid="_x0000_i1028"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:249.75pt;height:180.75pt;visibility:visible;
mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\MAHFUD~1.YPP\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image006.jpg"
o:title="Kupu2"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/MAHFUD~1.YPP/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image007.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_1" /><!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Gambar 4 : Metamorfosis Sempurna pada
Kupu - Kupu<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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o:title="Belalang"/>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjolEVPxGUCxHHIYLjZDY9WSlaRPUnTq3SVP1e9YY_WRTU9JwK9ohTO9JNZqVe5r_5alwq2omNdjlfn8q2fD-nAAkhwMbrYL8CzFkx3-bteAbP8_YzBMoVG8RsqKclQw3flzdnUviTuHg/s1600/Belalang.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="306" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjolEVPxGUCxHHIYLjZDY9WSlaRPUnTq3SVP1e9YY_WRTU9JwK9ohTO9JNZqVe5r_5alwq2omNdjlfn8q2fD-nAAkhwMbrYL8CzFkx3-bteAbP8_YzBMoVG8RsqKclQw3flzdnUviTuHg/s400/Belalang.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Gambar 5 : Metamorfosis Tak sempurna
pada Belalang<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sementara itu, metagenesis adalah proses pergiliran
keturunan dari generasi vegetatif / aseksual (sporofit) dengan generasi
generative / seksual (gametofit). Contoh pada tumbuhan metagenesis <b>Bryophyta</b> (tumbuhan lumut) dan pada
hewan metagenesis ubur-ubur (<b><i>Aurelia aurita</i></b>).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:287.25pt;height:321.75pt;visibility:visible;
mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\MAHFUD~1.YPP\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image010.jpg"
o:title="daur-hidup-lumut"/>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgl-1bSQDUFKcbQB2i5nVxBgSt3i1m8_fskhx95KjErX3MorOKNItaldmr58uXPS4ollKoqcosNOsSGeoX4Q0bSjc3zbOPuhCNvarvglScpeg8HgnCCmKC-hlIi7wHfSNGNiaN-DhEYQQ/s1600/daur-hidup-lumut.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgl-1bSQDUFKcbQB2i5nVxBgSt3i1m8_fskhx95KjErX3MorOKNItaldmr58uXPS4ollKoqcosNOsSGeoX4Q0bSjc3zbOPuhCNvarvglScpeg8HgnCCmKC-hlIi7wHfSNGNiaN-DhEYQQ/s400/daur-hidup-lumut.jpg" width="357" /></a></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Gambar 6 : Metagenesis Bryophyta
(Tumbuhan Lumut)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLVTB6l24FcBgD3P3K3UWUVnk0CSg-EbxMK6_afCxlHCwvVCuYrLCPsaWQnooz5kl3ytMSYV0kfAp-t09FC93q2DtXkxTaRoEp96mTbbhRnKgKQv5MfnRRVdKFMlaHeupzrI9AfcmKCA/s1600/aurelia+aurita.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="316" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLVTB6l24FcBgD3P3K3UWUVnk0CSg-EbxMK6_afCxlHCwvVCuYrLCPsaWQnooz5kl3ytMSYV0kfAp-t09FC93q2DtXkxTaRoEp96mTbbhRnKgKQv5MfnRRVdKFMlaHeupzrI9AfcmKCA/s400/aurelia+aurita.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="Picture_x0020_4" o:spid="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:350.25pt;
height:277.5pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\MAHFUD~1.YPP\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image012.jpg"
o:title="aurelia aurita"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/MAHFUD~1.YPP/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image013.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_4" /><!--[endif]--></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Gambar 7 : Metagenesis Ubur-Ubur (<i>Aurelia
aurita</i>)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">SOAL – SOAL PERTUMBUHAN DAN
PERKEMBANGAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tulislah
3 perbedaan antara pertumbuhan dengan perkembangan ! <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Apa
nama alat untuk mengukur pertumbuhan tanaman !<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Daerah
pertumbuhan (meristematis) pada tumbuhan ada 2 macam. Sebutkan !<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sementara
itu, daerah pertumbuhan akar dan batang dibagi menjadi 3 zona. Sebutkan !<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Secara
umum faktor yang mempengaruhi pertumbuhan ada 2. Sebutkan !<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">6.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sebutkan
yang termasuk faktor internal dan faktor eksternal pertumbuhan pada tumbuhan !<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">7.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sebutkan
5 macam hormone tumbuhan (fitohormon) beserta fungsinya masing-masing !<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">8.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sebutkan
4 fase pola pertumbuhan (Sigmoid) suatu makhluk hidup !<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">9.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tuliskan
macam metamorphosis dan sebutkan pula tahap-tahapnya beserta contohnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">10.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Jelaskan pengertian dari metagenesis
beserta contohnya baik pada tumbuhan maupun pada hewan !<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">@@@ GOOD LUCK @@@<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7395363856731919874.post-68921018030213718222013-04-07T23:36:00.000-07:002013-04-07T23:36:22.369-07:00HAMA, GULMA DAN PENYAKIT TUMBUHAN<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqDHWZL4FkaQoR1rF5V0t36LxWdL34r1XCrcUJjIZd1HVq9iN5eTgJs5OJcjfQEA9VSB4CrL_04LuUCpn52sTvJV31xwrNmA8QTanWgRfDyHrF0MJeU7x8ZQN7sx61x44R0VQPi8v7-g/s1600/hama-tanaman-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqDHWZL4FkaQoR1rF5V0t36LxWdL34r1XCrcUJjIZd1HVq9iN5eTgJs5OJcjfQEA9VSB4CrL_04LuUCpn52sTvJV31xwrNmA8QTanWgRfDyHrF0MJeU7x8ZQN7sx61x44R0VQPi8v7-g/s320/hama-tanaman-1.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Oleh : Mahfud<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Guru Biologi SMP YPPI –
2 Surabaya<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Hama <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Hama adalah hewan yang mengganggu
tanaman budidaya.Berdasarkan klasifikasinya hewan yang termasuk hama ini mulai
dari serangga (insekta), seperti wereng
coklat (<b><i>Nephotrttrix viscens</i></b>) menyerang tanaman padi (<b><i>Oryza
sativa</i></b>), ulat daun (<b><i>Erionota thyrax</i></b>) menyerang daun
pisang (<b><i>Musa paradisiaca</i></b>), ulat penggerek (<b><i>Cicrocosis punctiferalis</i></b>)
menyerang biji padi / beras(<b><i>Oryza sativa</i></b>), ulat penggerek batang
(<b><i>Pyrausta
nubilalis</i></b>) menyerang batang jagung (<b><i>Zea mays</i></b>), kumbang badak
(<b><i>Oryctes
rhinoceros</i></b>) menyerang daun muda / janur kelapa (<b><i>Cocos nucifera</i></b>), lalat
buah (<b><i>Drosophila melanogaster</i></b>) menyerang buah yang sudah ranum,
seperti papaya (<b><i>Carica papaya</i></b>), nangka (<b><i>Artocarpus integra</i></b>) dan lain-lain,
kepik hijau (<b><i>Nesara viridula</i></b>) menyerang tanaman palawija, seperti : padi (<b><i>Oryza
sativa</i></b>), jagung (<b><i>Zea mays</i></b>), gandum (<b><i>Triticum
sativum</i></b>), kacang tanah (<b><i>Arachis hypogaea</i></b>).Sementara itu dari
kelas Aves (burung) yang termasuk hama, antara lain, burung pipit (<b><i>Taeniopygia
guttata</i></b>), burung gereja (<b><i>Passer montanus</i></b>), burung prenjak (<b><i>Prinia
familiaris</i></b>) menyerang tanaman padi (<b><i>Oryza sativa</i></b>).Sedang hama
dari kelas mamalia, antara lain, tupai (<b><i>Callosciurus notatus</i></b>) menyerang buah
kelapa (<b><i>Cocos nucifera</i></b>), Kelelawar / codot / kalong (<b><i>Cynopterus sphinx</i></b>) menyerang tanaman buah,
seperti mangga (<b><i>Mangifera indica</i></b>), jambu biji (Psidium guajava), musang / Luwak
(<b><i>Paradoxurus
hermaphroditus</i>) </b>menyerang buah kopi (<b><i>Coffea Arabica</i></b>).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Gulma<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Gulma adalah tumbuhan pengganggu
tanaman budidaya.Berdasarkan tempat hidupnya,dibagi menjadi 2 yaitu gulma darat
dan gulma air.Contoh gulma darat misalnya, rumput teki (<b><i>Cyperus rotundus</i></b>), rumput
alang-alang (<b><i>Imperata cylindrica</i></b>), Semanggi (<b><i>Marsilea crenata</i></b>), krokot
(<b><i>Portulaca
oleracea</i></b>), bayam duri (<b><i>Amaranthus spinousus</i></b>), benalu (<b><i>Laronthus
sp.</i></b>) biasa menyerang tanaman mangga (<b><i>Mangifera indica</i></b>), jambu
air (<b><i>Eugenia
aquea</i></b>), teh (<b><i>Camellia sinensis</i></b>).Sedang tali putri
(<b><i>Cassytha
filiformis</i></b>) biasa menyerang tanaman beluntas (<b><i>Pluchea indica</i></b>).Sementara
itu, contoh guma air, misalnya enceng gondok (<b><i>Eichornia crassipes</i></b>),
paku air (<b><i>Salvinia natans</i></b>), wewehan (<b><i>Monochoria vaginalis</i></b>).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Penyakit Tumbuhan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Penyakit Tumbuhan adalah organisme
selain hewan yang mengganggu tanaman budidaya atau kekurangan mineral tertentu.Penyebab
Penyebab penyakit tumbuhan ini ada yang berasal dari virus, bakteri, jamur atau
karena kekurangan mineral tertentu.Contoh penyakit tumbuhan yang berasal dari
virus, misalnya TMV (<b>Tobacco Mozaic
Virus</b>) menyerang tanaman tembakau (<b><i>Nicotiana tabacum</i></b>), CVPD (<b>Citrus Vein Phloem Degeneration</b>)
menyerang batang tanaman jeruk (<b><i>Citrus sp.</i></b>), tungro menyerang
tanaman padi (<b><i>Oryza sativa</i></b>). Sementara itu, penyakit tumbuhan yang disebabkan
oleh bakteri,antara lain bakteri <b><i>Pseudomonas solanacearum</i></b> menyerang
tanaman familia Solanaceae (Terung-terungan), misalnya terung (<b><i>Solanum
melongena</i></b>), tomat (<b><i>Solanum lycopersicum</i></b>), kentang (<b><i>Solanum
tuberosum</i></b>),bakteri <b><i>Agrobaacterium tumifaciens</i></b>)
menyerang akar tanaman budidaya.Sedang penyakit tumbuhan yang disebabkan oleh
jamur (fungi), antara lain,jamur api (<b><i>Puccinia gramainis</i></b>) menyerang
tanaman padi (<b><i>Oryza sativa</i></b>), jamur <b><i>Armelaria sp. </i></b>menyerang akar tanaman
jeruk (<b><i>Citrus sp.</i></b>), jamur <b><i>Sclerospora maydis</i></b> menyebabkan bule
pada jagung (<b><i>Zea mays</i></b>).Selain penyebab di atas, penyakit tumbuhan juga disebabkan
karena kekurangan mineral (unsur) tertentu, misalnya penyakit <b>klorosis</b> karena kekurangan unsur<b> Mg </b>(Magnesium), <b>daun menguning dan bernoda-noda</b> akibat kekurangan unsur <b>K</b> (Kalium).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Cara Pemberantasan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Cara pemberantasan hama, gulma dan
penyakit tumbuhan secara umum ada 3 macam, secara fisikawi (mekanik), kimiawi,
dan biologis.Pemberantasan secara fisikawi mekanik) adalah pemberantasan dengan
menggunakan alat, suara (bunyi-bunyian),sinar (cahaya), misalnya orang-orangan
di sawah, diteriaki, kaleng bekas ditarik dan sebagainya.Pemberantasan secara
kimiawi adalah pemberantasan dengan menggunakan zat kimia, misalnya insektisida
(serangga), bakteriosida (bakteri), nematisida (cacing), rodentisida (tikus)
dan sebagainya. Sementara itu, pemberantasan secara biologis adalah
pemberantasan dengan menggunakan predator (pemangsa) dari hama tersebut,
misalnya hama kutu loncat(<b><i>Diaphorina citri</i></b> ) dibasmi dengan
semut rangrang(<b><i>Oecophylla smaradigna</i></b> ).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">SOAL – SOAL HAMA, GULMA DAN PENYAKIT
TUMBUHAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Jelaskan
apa yang dimaksud dengan istilah hama !<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sebutkan
3 contoh hama beserta tanaman yang diserang yang termasuk dalam kelas Insekta (serangga) !<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sebutkan
3 contoh hama beserta tanaman yang diserang yang termasuk dalam kelas Aves (burung)
!<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sebutkan
pula 3 contoh hama beserta tanaman yang diserang yang termasuk dalam kelas
Mamalia !<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Jelaskan
apa yang dimaksud dengan istilah gulma ?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">6.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Berdasarkan
tempatnya, gulma dibagi 2, yaitu gulma darat dan gulma air.Sebutkan 3 contoh
gulma yang termasuk gulma darat !<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">7.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sebutkan
pula 3 contoh gulma air dan coba pikirkan dampak negatifnya bagi lingkungan !<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">8.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sebutkan
3 contoh tanaman yang sering menjadi inang bagi benalu (<b><i>Laronthus sp</i></b>.) !<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">9.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sementara
itu, tanaman apa yang biasa menjadi inang tali putri (<b><i>Cassytha filiformis</i></b>) ?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">10.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Jelaskan
apa yang dimaksud dengan penyakit tumbuhan !<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">11.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tuliskan
3 contoh penyakit tumbuhan yang disebabkan oleh <b>virus</b> dan tanaman apa yang diserangnya ?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">12.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tuliskan
3 contoh penyakit tumbuhan yang disebabkan oleh <b>bakteri </b>dan tanaman apa yang diserangnya ?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">13.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tuliskan
3 contoh penyakit tumbuhan yang disebabkan oleh <b>jamur (fungi) </b>dan tanaman apa yang diserangnya ?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">14.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Selain
itu, penyakit tumbuhan juga disebabkan karena kekurang unsur tertentu.Sebutkan
2 contoh penyakit tumbuhan yang disebabkan kekurangan unsur tertentu !<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">15.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tuliskan
3 macam cara untuk menanggulangi adanya hama, gulma dan penyakit tumbuhan !<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">@@@ GOOD LUCK @@@<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7395363856731919874.post-37769898724715731992013-02-05T18:45:00.001-08:002013-02-05T18:51:39.425-08:00GERAK TUMBUHAN<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLypsPGxhhubK0cOyPfqOg1OrOVD2MFxbjEN5Z81xJWnPpekREpcH_77humKOWA2jLc90746sTo7e8wQ_4u3SFMOaxMYSXW-jisvX46aNtvbeT21bRAZGzWB6B-Dg0asZndtpSNeJTeA/s1600/GT.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLypsPGxhhubK0cOyPfqOg1OrOVD2MFxbjEN5Z81xJWnPpekREpcH_77humKOWA2jLc90746sTo7e8wQ_4u3SFMOaxMYSXW-jisvX46aNtvbeT21bRAZGzWB6B-Dg0asZndtpSNeJTeA/s1600/GT.JPG" /></a></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Oleh : Mahfud<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Guru SMP YPPI – 2 Surabaya<o:p></o:p></span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Berdasarkan
penyebabnya gerak tumbuhan secara umum ada 3, yaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Gerak Endonom (Autonom) : </span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Gerak yang berasal dari dalam tumbuhan sendiri atau gerak
yang belum diketahui penyebabnya, contohnya gerak <b><i>siklosis</i></b>, yaitu gerak
kloroplas mengelilingi isi sel daun <b><i>Hydrilla verticillata</i></b>, gerak <b><i>sirkumnutasi</i></b>,
yaitu gerak spiral tumbuhan beringin (<b><i>Ficus benyamina</i></b>) membelit tumbuhan
lain didekatnya.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Gerak Higroskopis :</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Gerak yang terjadi akibat adanya perubahan kadar air, contonya :<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">a.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Gerak membuka menutupnya sporangium (kotak spora) tumbuhan paku oleh
annulus.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">b.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Gerak membuka menutupnya sporangium (kotak spora) tumbuhan lumut oleh
gigi peristom.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">c.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pecahnya kulit buah jarak pagar (<b><i>Jatropha curcas L</i></b>.) karena berkurangnya
kadar airnya.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Esionom </span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">:
Gerak tumbuhan yang dipengaruhi stimulus (rangsang) dari luar. Secara umum
gerak esionom ada 3 macam, yaitu :<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">a.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tropi / Tropisme</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> : Gerak yang dipengaruhi arah
datangnya rangsang. Berdasarkan penyebabnya dibagi menjadi :<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Fototropisme / Heliotropisme</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> : gerak ujung tumbuhan menuju kea
rah cahaya.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Geotropisme </span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">: gerak ujung akar tumbuhan menuju ke
bumi karena gaya gravitasi bumi.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Hidrotropisme </span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">: gerak ujung akar tumbuhan menuju ke
air.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Khemotropisme </span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">: gerak ujung akar tumbuhan menuju
tanah yang banyak mengndung pupuk.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tigmotropisme / Haptotropisme </span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">: gerak ujung batang atau sulur
membelok akibat persinggungan (tigmo) atau sentuhan (hapto).<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">b.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Nasti : </span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">gerak yang tidak dipengaruhi arah
datangnya rangsang.Berdasarkan penyebabnya dibagi menjadi :<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Seismonasti </span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">: gerak menutupnya daun putri malu (<b><i>Mimosa
pudica</i></b>) karena getaran.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Niktinasti </span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">: gerak menutupnya daun tanaman asam
(<b><i>Tamarindus
indica</i></b>) karena datangnya malam (gelap).<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Fotonasti </span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">: gerak mekarnya bunga pukul 4 (<b><i>Mirabilis
jalapa</i></b>) setiap pukul 4 sore (16.00).<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Thermonasti </span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">: gerak membuka menutupnya bunga
tulip (<b><i>Spathodea campanulata</i></b>)jika suhu dingin dan menutup jika suhu
panas.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Nasti Kompleks : </span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">gerak membuka dan menutupnya stomata
daun karena rangsang cahaya, suhu, zat kimia, air dan sebagainya.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">c.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Taksis : </span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">gerak pindah tempat tumbuhan rendah
menuju rangsang. Berdasarkan penyebabnya dibagi menjadi :<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Fototaksis</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> : gerak <b><i>Euglena viridis </i></b>(Alga
hijau) berpindah menuju ke arah sinar.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Khemotaksis </span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">: gerak spermatozoid berpindah menuju
ke ovum pada tumbuhan lumut (<b>Bryophyta</b>)
dan tumbuhan paku (<b>Pterydophyta</b>).<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Galvanotaksis </span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">: gerak <b><i>Volvox globator </i></b>(Alga
hijau berkoloni) berpindah menuju ke arah
tempat yang bermuatan listrik.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">SOAL – SOAL GERAK
TUMBUHAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Secara umum gerak tumbuhan ada 3
macam, sebutkan dan jelaskan artinya !<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Apa arti gerak endonom / autonom dan
berilah contoh geraknya !<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Jelaskan arti gerak higroskopis dan
berilah 3 contohnya !<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Jelaskan arti gerak tropi, nasti dan
taksis !<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Berilah 3 contoh gerak tropisme
beserta contohnya masing – masing !<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">6.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mengapa ujung batang disebut gerak
geotropism negatif ? Jelaskan !<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">7.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mengapa ujung akar disebut gerak
geotropism positif ? jelaskan !<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">8.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Berilah 3 contoh gerak nasti beserta
contohnya masing – masing !<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">9.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mengapa gerak membuka menutupnya
stomata disebut nasty kompleks ? Jelaskan !<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">10.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Berilah 3 contoh gerak taksis beserta
contohnya masing – masing !<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">@@@ GOOD LUCK @@@<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com18tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7395363856731919874.post-69474833947219031722012-08-26T23:59:00.001-07:002012-08-27T00:08:28.037-07:00BIOPORI, LUBANG KECIL MULTI FUNGSI<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinnqURsE_-na4Noz9QFbVNnSMLJZt_tpiXb9TIF3YZ4eZUTlK-HmhifA06Pm_vpNrbKjQYnCt3WOppVrLBgDL_o0d4GS893pnBshg8DjRfOFZyeGLO3NeyFYKQoO4Ts9qU0EwOCljKSw/s1600/FT+BIOPORI.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinnqURsE_-na4Noz9QFbVNnSMLJZt_tpiXb9TIF3YZ4eZUTlK-HmhifA06Pm_vpNrbKjQYnCt3WOppVrLBgDL_o0d4GS893pnBshg8DjRfOFZyeGLO3NeyFYKQoO4Ts9qU0EwOCljKSw/s320/FT+BIOPORI.JPG" width="213" /></a></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Oleh : Mahfud<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Guru Biologi SMP YPPI –
2 Surabaya<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1.Rasional<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Hujan lagi, Banjir lagi , Macet lagi, begitulah judul head
line Metropolis Jawa pos, 7 Februari 2012. Memang sehari sebelumnya, hari Senin
sore wilayah Surabaya diguyur hujan deras selama kurang lebih satu jam yang
menyebabkan sebagian wilayah Surabaya terendam banjir. Jalur Surabaya – Sidoarjo saat itu nyaris lumpuh , kalau hari biasa
jarak Surabaya – Sidoarjo dapat ditempuh
40 – 45 menit dengan kendaraan bermotor , namun pada sore itu bisa 2 jam lebih. Daerah yang
terendam banjir antara lain, Ketintang Madya 80 cm, Gayung Kebonsari 50 cm, RSI
Wonokromo 40 cm, A. Yani 15 cm, Jambangan dan kecamatan Gayungan 10 cm (<b> Jawa Pos, 7 Februari 2012</b>). Pertanyaan
yang muncul kemudian adalah bagaimana cara
mengatasi banjir kota Surabaya yang begitu kronis tersebut ? Berbagai
cara dan kiat telah dilakukan termasuk
pengerukan beberapa saluran di wilayah kota Surabaya, sebagaimana yang
telah disampaikan oleh Ibu Erna Purnawati, Kepala Dinas Pekerjaan Umum, Bina
Marga dan Pematusan (DPUBMP) kota Surabaya. Salah satu alternatif mengurangi
bencana banjir adalah dengan memperbanyak membuat biopori. Mengapa ? Sebab
biopori ini walaupun tidak serta merta mengatasi banjir, namun minimal dapat
mengurangi genangan air setelah hujan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2. Biopori <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Biopori atau biasa disebut LRB ( Lubang Resapan Biopori ) adalah
lubang yang dibuat secara tegak lurus (vertikel) ke dalam tanah dengan diameter
antara 10 - 30 cm dan kedalaman 100 cm. Biopori ini ditemukan oleh seorang
peneliti dari Institut Pertanian Bogor (IPB), yaitu Dr. Khamir R. Brata, M.Sc.Manfaat
dari biopori ini cukup banyak, antara lain, mempercepat meresapkan air ke dalam
tanah sehingga dapat mengurangi genangan air sehabis hujan, menjaga
ketersediaan air dalam tanah, dapat memproses sampah organik menjadi pupuk kompos,
memperkaya fauna dalam tanah misalnya, cacing tanah (<b><i>Lumbricus terrestris</i></b>),
semut merah (<b><i>Formica ruva</i></b>), kelabang / lipan (<b><i>Scuitigera forceps</i></b> ), keluwing
/ kaki seribu (<b><i>Lulus sp.</i></b>) dan lain-lain, membuat saluran-saluran kecil dalam
tanah sehingga tanah menjadi gembur dan masih banyak yang lain. Cara membuat
lubang resapan ini cukup mudah.Pertama-tama, kita cari lokasi yang tepat, yaitu
tempat-tempat yang biasa tergenang bila habis hujan, seperti halaman rumah,
area parkir terbuka, taman dan sebagainya. Alat yang digunakan, antara lain bor
tanah atau kalau tidak ada bisa diganti linggis dan cetok untuk mengambil
tanahnya.Bila lubang sudah selesai dibuat, isi dengan sampah organik, seperti
daun, rumput, ranting,sisa makanan dan sebagainya.Sampah organik ini dapat
dipanen menjadi pupuk kompos setelah 2 bulan dan setelah itu dapat diisi
kembali. Untuk menghindari agar orang tidak terperosok ke dalam biopori ini
pada bagian atas dapat ditutup dengan paralon dan kasa atau penutup saluran
kamar mandi.Sebagai ilustrasi, 1 biopori ini dapat menyerap air sebanyak
321.800 cm<sup>3</sup> atau setara dengan volume air 1 ember (<b>Satuman, 2012 : 14</b>).Bisa kita bayangkan
kalau kita mempunyai 10 biopori saja, maka air yang dapat diserap oleh tanah
sebesar 3.218.000 cm<sup>3 </sup> atau setara
dengan 3.218 liter.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b>3. Penutup<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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Dengan
mengetahui manfaat dan keuntungan biopori yang begitu banyak, maka sudah
selayaknyalah kita memperbanyak membuat biopori ini.Jika kota Bogor saja yang
luasnya118,5 km<sup>2</sup> mempunyai biopori sebanyak 5.250 buah, maka kota
Surabaya yang luasnya 3 kali lebih luas kota Bogor, yaitu 374,36 km<sup>2 </sup>sudah
sepantasnyalah kita mempunyai biopori lebih banyak lagi.Oleh karena itu,mari
kita budayakan membuat biopori ini dimulai dari rumah dan lingkungan kita
masing-masing agar penyakit kronis kota Surabaya berupa bencana banjir dapat
berkurang.Bagaimana menurut anda ?</div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7395363856731919874.post-28575990029530566202012-01-03T15:59:00.000-08:002012-01-03T16:05:24.404-08:00MENGAPA MAYORITAS IKAN DI SUNGAI BRANTAS BERJENIS KELAMIN BETINA ?<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtaguhJEfWlFkTwZ2_loerDEbaVNqoQ52sJMkhghXA_2gF6s5v8AxHpxeRFeiEIf6j6OHrUKrIdSZX3AMPBIXnZApc07rrHdvfJabiYrUGiSncsdfXNIXe7Lhe5ankr2IOZ0FshP98Zw/s1600/Brantas.JPG"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 243px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtaguhJEfWlFkTwZ2_loerDEbaVNqoQ52sJMkhghXA_2gF6s5v8AxHpxeRFeiEIf6j6OHrUKrIdSZX3AMPBIXnZApc07rrHdvfJabiYrUGiSncsdfXNIXe7Lhe5ankr2IOZ0FshP98Zw/s400/Brantas.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5693560917398894882" border="0" /></a><br /><!--[if !mso]> <style> v\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} o\:* 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mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0in; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:center" align="center"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><br /></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:center" align="center"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="mso-no-proof:yes"> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:center" align="center"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">Oleh : Mahfud</b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:center" align="center"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">Guru Biologi SMP YPPI – 2<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Surabaya</b></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in; mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="mso-bidi-mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;font-family:Calibri;" ><span style="mso-list:Ignore">1.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal">Rasional</b></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align:justify">Berdasarkan hasil penelitian Lembaga Kajian Ekologi dan Konservasi Lahan Basah (Ecoton) yang bekerjasama dengan Perum Jasa Tirta<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>I Jawa Timur pada bulan Juli – Agustus 2011, ditemukan bahwa sebagian besar ikan di sungai Brantas, termasuk anak sungainya,yaitu sungai Mas (Surabaya) dan sungai Porong (Sidoarjo) berjenis kelamin betina (<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal">Kompas, 24 Oktober 2011</b>). Sebagai contoh, sungai Surabaya di wilayah Karangpilang, dari 44 ekor ikan yang terjaring, ternyata 37 ekor (84 %)<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>berjenis kelamin betina, sedang di wilayah Gunungsari, dari 64 ekor ikan yang tertangkap, ternyata 42 ekor (66 %) ikan berjenis kelamin betina.Sementara itu, kota-kota lain di Jawa Timur yang dilalui sungai Brantas seperti Kediri, Kertosono, Jombang, Mojokerto, Gresik dan Sidoarjo, dari 410 ekor ikan yang diperoleh , ternyata 337 ekor (82 %) berjenis kelamin betina. Pertanyaan yang muncul kemudian adalah, mengapa mayoritas ikan di sungai Brantas berjenis kelamin betina ? Pertanyaan berikutnya adalah pelajaran apakah yang dapat di petik dari kejadian di atas ?<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"> </b> </p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in; mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="mso-bidi-mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;font-family:Calibri;" ><span style="mso-list:Ignore">2.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal">Zat Estrogenik</b></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align:justify">Menurut Profesor<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Win Darmanto,M.Si., Ph.D., Dekan Fakultas Sains dan Teknologi Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya pada jenis vertebrata ( hewan bertulang belakang ), termasuk ikan pada awal embrio secara alami berkembang ke jenis kelamin betina. Individu tersebut akan berubah menjadi jantan jika ada hormon testosteron. Namun dalam perkembangannya bila lingkungannya banyak mengandung <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal">zat estrogenik</b> ( zat yang kandungannya mirip hormon kelamin betina), individu ini akan berjenis kelamin betina walaupun kromosomnya jantan. Peristiwa seperti inilah yang disebut <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal">Perubahan Jenis Kelamin Suatu Individu</b> (<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"> Sex Reversal</i></b> ). Zat estrogenik ini bisa alami maupun buatan, yang alami misalnya limbah pertanian, berupa sisa-sisa tanaman, kotoran hewan / manusia dan urin hewan / manusia. Sedang estrogenik buatan, misalnya limbah sisa pupuk ,limbah rumah tangga berupa sabun dan detergen.</p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in; mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="mso-bidi-mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;font-family:Calibri;" ><span style="mso-list:Ignore">3.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal">Indikator Pencemaran</b></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align:justify">Munculnya fenomena perubahan jenis kelamin (sex reversal) pada ikan ini merupakan salah satu adanya indikator pencemaran sungai Brantas beserta anak sungainya.Sebagai bukti, beberapa jenis ikan di bawah ini pada tahun 2009 masih ada, namun saat penelitian ini dilakukan (2011) sudah tidak ditemukan lagi, misalnya ikan Arengan (<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Murcillus zhysosphakadion</i></b>), ikan Bloso atau Betutu (<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Oxyeleotris marmorata</i></b>), ikan Palung alias Hampala<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>(<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Hampala macrolepidota</i></b>), dan ikan Jambal <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">(Pangasius suchi</i></b>). Selain itu, hasil penelitian tim dari Universitas Brawijaya Malang yang dilakukan pada tahun 1997 mendapatkan jenis ikan sebanyak 50 spesies sedang hasil penelitian dari Lembaga Kajian Ekologi dan Konservasi Lahan basah (Ecoton) saat ini (2011) menghasilkan jenis ikan hanya 30 spesies, berarti selama kurun waktu 14 tahun, keanekaragaman jenis ikan di sungai Brantas telah berkurang sebanyak 20 spesies (40 %).</p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in; mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="mso-bidi-mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;font-family:Calibri;" ><span style="mso-list:Ignore">4.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal">Teknik Jantan Mandul</b></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="text-align:justify">Lalu timbul pertanyaan, apa hubungan antara keseimbangan jenis kelamin dengan kelestarian suatu makhluk hidup ? Dalam bidang Pertanian , kita kenal istilah sistem pemberantasan hama secara <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal">Teknik Jantan Mandul <span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>(steril)</b>, yaitu dengan cara mengambil beberapa contoh hama jantan lalu diradiasi di laboratorium hasilnya hama jantan tersebut memang masih hidup, namun setelah dikembalikan ke habitat aslinya dan kawin dengan hama betina maka hama tersebut tidak mempunyai keturunan.Bila hal ini berlangsung dari generasi ke generasi maka akhirnya akan punah.Sebagai gambaran adalah penelitian yang dilakukan oleh Siti Nurhayati dari Batan ( Badan Tenaga Atom Nasional) di Bandung. Menggunakan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">sample</i> hama sebanyak 1.000.000 ekor kemudian beberapa hama jantan di radiasi, pada F – 1 ( generasi I ) tinggal 26.316 ekor, pada F – 2 (generasi II) tinggal 1.907 ekor, pada F – 3 (generasi III) tinggal 10 ekor dan pada F – 4<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>(generasi IV) akhirnya nol / habis <span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>(<a href="http://www.batan.go.id/"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal">www.batan.go.id</b></a><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">, 30 Oktober 2011</b>).Bila Teknik<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Jantan Mandul ini pada F-4 (generasi IV) mengalami kepunahan (habis), maka <span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>tidak menutup kemungkinan ikan-ikan yang di sungai Brantas juga akan mengalami nasib serupa. Bagaimana menurut anda ?</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"> </p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7395363856731919874.post-50424908573689736802011-11-17T23:11:00.000-08:002011-11-17T23:21:30.291-08:00SOAL - SOAL SISTEM KOORDINASI<span style="font-size:100%;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhT_lGIar8t7QtNCG8_1JeTOuTm0fp-mkTmSur7GwQ-XKTpyE7ion1byOAmn1-VaXGZ0tPRPhhifowP70CHyCVvWCZtRGGjOXaZHoFbaiDsRT_kXW0SfFr5iBM9VJjo6z-N8iUYQ1xn5g/s1600/Belajar.JPG"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 267px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhT_lGIar8t7QtNCG8_1JeTOuTm0fp-mkTmSur7GwQ-XKTpyE7ion1byOAmn1-VaXGZ0tPRPhhifowP70CHyCVvWCZtRGGjOXaZHoFbaiDsRT_kXW0SfFr5iBM9VJjo6z-N8iUYQ1xn5g/s400/Belajar.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5676230522182145618" border="0" /></a></span><span style="font-size:100%;"><br /><br /></span> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:center" align="center"><span style="font-size:100%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="line-height:115%">Oleh : Mahfud</span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:center" align="center"><span style="font-size:100%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="line-height:115%">Guru SMP YPPI – 2<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Surabaya</span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:100%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="line-height:115%"> </span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:100%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="line-height:115%">I.SISTEM<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>SARAF</span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:100%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="line-height:115%">1. Tuliskan 3 fungsi saraf manusia yang berhubungan dengan sistem koordinasi !</span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:100%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="line-height:115%">2. Jelaskan 3 bagian sel saraf beserta fungsinya masing – masing !</span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:100%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="line-height:115%">3. Gambarkan sel saraf manusia beserta bagian – bagiannya masing – masing !</span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:100%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="line-height:115%">4. Tuliskan macam sel saraf manusia beserta fungsinya masing – masing !</span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:100%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="line-height:115%">5. Apa yang dimaksud dengan sinapsis dan apa pula nama zat kimia yang </span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:100%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>membantu terjadinya Sinapsis ?<br /></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:100%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="line-height:115%">6. Jelaskan fungsi Asetilkolin dan Kolinesterase dalam proses sinapsis !</span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:100%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="line-height:115%">7. Sebutkan fungsi Otak Besar (Serebrum) sebagai saraf pusat manusia !</span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:100%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="line-height:115%">8. Sebutkan pula fungsi Otak Kecil (Serebellum) bagi sistem koordinasi manusia !</span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:100%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="line-height:115%">9. Jelaskan macam – macam fungsi dari Sumsum Lanjutan (Medula Oblongata) !</span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:100%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="line-height:115%">10. Jelaskan pula fungsi Sumsum Tulang Belakang (Medula Spinalis) !</span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:100%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="line-height:115%">11. Sebutkan fungsi dari<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Saraf Tepi dari Sistem Koordinasi manusia !</span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:100%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="line-height:115%">12. Jelaskan fungsi saraf somatis pada Sistem Koordinasi manusia !</span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:100%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 115%;">13. Tuliskan 3 perbedaan antara sistem saraf simpatik dengan saraf<br /></span></b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:100%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="line-height:115%"> parasimpatik !<br /></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:100%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="line-height:115%">14. Tuliskan urutan jalannya impuls pada gerak biasa !</span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:100%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 115%;">15. Tuliskan pula urutan jalannya impuls pada gerak refleks !</span></b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><p style="text-align: center;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:100%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 115%;">@@@ GOOD LUCK @@@</span></b></span></p><p style="text-align: center;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:100%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="line-height:115%"><br /></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:100%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="line-height:115%">II. SISTEM <span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>INDERA</span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:100%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="line-height:115%">1.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Tuliskan arti indera manusia beserta dengan fungsinya !</span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:100%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="line-height:115%">2.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Sebukan 5 macam indera manusia dan masing –masing peka terhadap apa ?</span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:100%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="line-height:115%">3.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Tuliskan 3 lapisan bola mata manusia dan sebutkan masing – masing bagian</span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:100%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>depannya dinamakan apa ?<br /></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:100%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="line-height:115%">4. Tuliskan 2 reseptor (penerima stimulus) mata dan<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>sebutkan masing – masing</span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:100%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>fungsinya !<br /></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:100%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 115%;">5. Tuliskan pula 2 cairan humor pada mata dan sebutkan masing – masing<br /></span></b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:100%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="line-height:115%"> letaknya !<br /></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:100%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="line-height:115%">6. Tuliskan urutan jalannya impuls pada proses melihat suatu benda !</span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:100%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="line-height:115%">7. Sebutkan 3 perbedaan antara mata manusia dengan kamera !</span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:100%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="line-height:115%">8. Jelaskan 5 macam kelainan mata dan bagaimana cara mengatasinya ?</span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:100%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="line-height:115%">9. Sebutkan 3 bagian dari telinga luar manusia !</span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:100%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="line-height:115%">10. Apa nama – nama tulang pendengaran manusia !</span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:100%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="line-height:115%">11. Apa nama bagian telinga yang merupakan penghubung antara telinga tengah<br /></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:100%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>dengan rongga mulut ?<br /></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:100%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="line-height:115%">12. Tuliskan urutan jalannya impuls pada proses mendengar suatu suara !</span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:100%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="line-height:115%">13. Dalam bentuk apakah suatu zat agar mudah untuk dibau ?</span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:100%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="line-height:115%">14. Sebutkan bagian – bagian dari sel pencium hidung !</span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:100%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="line-height:115%">15. Tuliskan 5 fungsi lidah manusia !</span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:100%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="line-height:115%">16. Jelaskan letak kuncup pengecap lidah disertai dengan gambarnya !</span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:100%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 115%;">17. Sebutkan nama lapisan kulit yang berfungsi sebagai tempat pembentukan<br /></span></b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:100%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="line-height:115%"> pigmen (warna kulit) !<br /></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:100%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="line-height:115%">18. Apa fungsi dari lapisan kulit Stratum Germinativum ?</span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:100%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="line-height:115%">19. Sebutkan nama indera kulit yang berfungsi untuk tekanan !</span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:100%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 115%;">20. Apa fungsi indera kulit Badan Krause ?</span></b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:100%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="line-height:115%"><br /></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:100%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="line-height:115%"> </span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:100%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="line-height:115%"> </span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:center" align="center"><span style="font-size:100%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="line-height:115%">@@@ GOOD LUCK @@@</span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:100%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="line-height:115%"> </span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:100%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="line-height:115%"> </span></b></span></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com6tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7395363856731919874.post-25126845530129775662011-09-14T20:46:00.000-07:002011-09-14T21:59:12.056-07:00EKOWISATA WONOREJO SURABAYA<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0Xmve9PMhMEIYMU6n-Nq55nvA7_MvB7jfJVbUhKtXi5tkNOyLgAe6gthjO7WgOfqIjm9tvdvkIBZlej_bssIJSGjLY7XrBHWJ618C3OxSJPtrAEYqBYpkWYEF4zzkcbFlUDwAyepQGQ/s1600/EKOWISATA.JPG"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 250px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0Xmve9PMhMEIYMU6n-Nq55nvA7_MvB7jfJVbUhKtXi5tkNOyLgAe6gthjO7WgOfqIjm9tvdvkIBZlej_bssIJSGjLY7XrBHWJ618C3OxSJPtrAEYqBYpkWYEF4zzkcbFlUDwAyepQGQ/s400/EKOWISATA.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5652445829566549090" border="0" /></a><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><a onblur="try 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</w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0in; mso-para-margin-right:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0in; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;} </style> <![endif]--> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:center" align="center"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="line-height:115%;font-size:16.0pt;" ><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><br /></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:center" align="center"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="line-height:115%;mso-no-proof:yesfont-size:16.0pt;" > </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="line-height:115%;font-size:16.0pt;" ></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:center" align="center"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="line-height:115%;font-size:16.0pt;" >Oleh : Mahfud</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:center" align="center"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="line-height:115%;font-size:12.0pt;" >Guru Biologi YPPI Surabaya</span></b></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="line-height: 115%;mso-bidi-mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latinfont-family:Calibri;font-size:12.0pt;" ><span style="mso-list:Ignore">1.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="line-height:115%;font-size:12.0pt;" >Rasional</span></b></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align:justify"><span style="line-height:115%;font-size:12.0pt;" >Bagi anda yang berasal dari luar kota Surabaya, biasanya tempat wisata yang dituju adalah jembatan Suramadu, Kebun Binatang Surabaya (KBS), Monumen Kapal Selam (Monkasel), Planetarium, Museum Tugu Pahlawan, Pantai Ria Kenjeran dan masih banyak yang lain. Namun bila ke pusat-pusat perbelanjaan, ada Galaxi Mall, Tunjungan Plaza, Pakuwon Trade Centre (PTC), Plaza Surabaya, Royal Plaza, City of Tomorrow (CITO) dan sebagainya. Sementara itu, ada satu tempat wisata yang barangkali orang Surabaya sendiri jarang yang tahu, yaitu Ekowisata Wonorejo Surabaya.Tempat ini berada di pantai timur Surabaya. Tepatnya di Kelurahan Wonorejo, Kecamatan Rungkut Kota Surabaya. Untuk dapat kesana, rute yang dilalui mulai jembatan MERR-C atau Kampus STIKOM ke timur melalui sekolah IPH, Kantor Taxi ORENZ, Kantor Konstruksi Baja Kalimaya Steel lalu belok kanan melalui jalan makadam tepi sungai dan akhirnya sampai di Bozem Wonorejo lalu naik perahu dengan tarif Rp. 10.000,00 / orang, maka sampailah kita ke Ekowisata Wonorejo Surabaya.</span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in; mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="line-height:115%;mso-bidi-mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latinfont-family:Calibri;font-size:12.0pt;" ><span style="mso-list:Ignore">2.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12.0pt;" >Fauna</span></b></p> <div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height:115%;font-size:12.0pt;" >Menurut <span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Ketua Forum Kemitraan Polisi dan Masyarakat (FKPM) Ekowisata Wonorejo, Bapak Joko Soewondo, kawasan ini dihuni sebanyak 137 jenis burung. Dari jumlah tersebut sebanyak 23 jenis adalah burung migran dari Siberia ke Australia atau Selandia Baru sedang sisanya burung menetap. Sementara itu, spesies endemis (asli) Wonorejo, antara lain, Sikatan Bakau (<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Cyornis rufigastra</i></b>), Cerek Jawa (<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Charadrius javanicus</i></b>), Bubut Jawa (<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Centropus negrorufous</i></b>), Monyet ekor panjang (<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Macaca fascicularis</i></b>), Ular Sanca (<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Phyton reticulates</i></b>), Biawak / Nyambik (<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Varanus salvator</i></b>), Percil Jawa (<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Microhyla acanthine</i></b>), Ular Tambak (<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Cerberus rhynchops</i></b>), Ikan Mujair (<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Areochromis tigrina</i></b>), Ikan Sembilang (<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Euristhmus microceps</i></b>), Kerang Hijau (<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Mytylus edulis</i></b> ). Kemudian ada 2 spesies yang aneh, yaitu Kepiting (<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Scylla serrata</i></b>) yang bercapit satu bukan karena patah tapi memang aslinya begitu dan yang satu lagi Ikan Glodok (<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Periopthal novemradiatus</i></b>), yaitu ikan yang dapat memanjat akar pohon bakau dengan siripnya serta bentuk kepalanya menyerupai katak<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal">.</b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12.0pt;" > </span></b></div><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align:center" align="center"></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in; mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="line-height:115%;mso-bidi-mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latinfont-family:Calibri;font-size:12.0pt;" ><span style="mso-list:Ignore">3.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12.0pt;" >Flora</span></b></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align:justify"><span style="line-height:115%;font-size:12.0pt;" >Sementara itu, jenis flora (vegetasi) yang ada di ekowisata Wonorejo, antara lain : Bakau (<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Rhizophora mucronata</i></b>), Kayu Api (<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Avicennia alba</i></b>), Pidada (<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Sonneratia caseolaris</i></b>), Buta-buta (<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Excoecaria agallocha</i></b>), Ketapang (<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Terminalia catapa</i></b>), Nipah (<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Nypa fructicans</i></b>), Waru laut (<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Hibiscus tilliaceus</i></b>), Tanjang (<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Bruguiera gymnorrhiza</i></b>), Nyamplung (<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Callophylum inophylum</i></b>), Bintaro (<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Cerbera manghas</i></b>), Akasia (<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Acacia auriculiformis</i></b>), Asam (<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Tamarindus indica</i></b>), Lamtoro / Petai Cina (<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Leucaena glauca</i></b>), Gelagah (<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Saccharum spontaneum</i></b>), dan Beringin (<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Ficus benyamina</i></b>).</span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in; mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="line-height:115%;mso-bidi-mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latinfont-family:Calibri;font-size:12.0pt;" ><span style="mso-list:Ignore">4.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12.0pt;" >Penutup</span></b></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="text-align:justify"><span style="line-height:115%;font-size:12.0pt;" >Berdasarkan hasil pendataan awal di kawasan ekowisata Wonorejo Surabaya ini,maka kita mengetahui bahwa tempat ini sangat kaya akan keanekaragaman hayati baik flora maupun faunanya. Namun demikian, penulis yakin masih banyak spesies penghuni ekowisata Wonorejo ini yang belum terdata. Oleh karena itu perlu adanya penelitian dan kajian lebih lanjut. Bagaimana menurut anda ?</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:center" align="center"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="line-height:115%;font-size:16.0pt;" > </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:center" align="center"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="line-height:115%;font-size:12.0pt;" > </span></b></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com23tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7395363856731919874.post-18386611368864440972011-06-19T16:53:00.000-07:002011-06-19T19:36:38.472-07:00BELAJAR DARI FENOMENA ULAT BULU<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:officedocumentsettings> <o:relyonvml/> <o:allowpng/> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:view>Normal</w:View> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:trackmoves/> <w:trackformatting/> <w:punctuationkerning/> <w:validateagainstschemas/> <w:saveifxmlinvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:ignoremixedcontent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> 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115%;font-size:14.0pt;" ><span style="mso-tab-count:2"> </span></span></b></p> <p style="text-align: center;" class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="line-height:115%;font-size:14.0pt;" > </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:center" align="center"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="line-height:115%;font-size:14.0pt;" > </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:center;line-height:normal" align="center"><b style=""><span style="line-height:115%;font-size:14.0pt;" ><span style="mso-tab-count: 1"></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;"> </span></b><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOQfrDbWEMy5j-Izb-5hHjB9XZ39XETQZ5qXtJC0jUMSn-i6DEMdn9ukbQnXqHgUM7kh_mKXhkORMacNTXA6YGygXdIVfkv4BtibCCctgb4VqwXpLurJ1YUPgCiYg5ELGTgGuOjEvC7Q/s1600/ulat.JPG"><img style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 541px; height: 254px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOQfrDbWEMy5j-Izb-5hHjB9XZ39XETQZ5qXtJC0jUMSn-i6DEMdn9ukbQnXqHgUM7kh_mKXhkORMacNTXA6YGygXdIVfkv4BtibCCctgb4VqwXpLurJ1YUPgCiYg5ELGTgGuOjEvC7Q/s320/ulat.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5620086644897276338" border="0" /></a><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;">Oleh :Mahfud</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:center;line-height:normal" align="center"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;">Guru Biologi SMP YPPI – 2<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Surabaya</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style=" line-height:115%;font-size:12.0pt;" >Mungkin Tuhan mulai bosan melihat tingkah kita yang selalu salah dan bangga dengan dosa-dosa atau alam mulai enggan bersahabat dengan kita coba kita bertanya pada rumput yang bergoyang. Oooh ….oooh ….oooh. Begitu kata Ebiet G. Ade dalam lagu Berita Kepada Kawan.Syair lagu Ebiet G. Ade di atas sangat relevan dengan fenomena ulat bulu saat ini. Betapa tidak ? Sebanyak 9 Kecamatan di Kabupaten Probolinggo, yaitu Kecamatan Leces ada 9 desa, Bantaran ada 7 desa, Tegal Siwalan ada 11 desa, Wonomerto ada 11 desa , Sumberasih ada 3 desa, Dringu ada 3 desa, Banyuanyar ada 3 desa, Tongas ada 1 desa, dan Kuripan ada 1 desa dalam<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>2 pekan ini dikejutkan adanya “serangan” ulat bulu yang menyerang tanaman di tepi-tepi jalan, pohon terutama jenis mangga (<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Mangifera indica L.</i></b>)di pekarangan,dinding-dinding rumah dan bahkan adapula yang di ruang kelas, seperti SDN IV Leces, Probolinggo ( <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal">Jawa Pos, 2 April 2011</b> ). Tidak sampai seminggu kota-kota lain juga mendapat serangan serupa seperti Pasuruan, Banyuwangi, Jombang, Tulungagung, Sidoarjo, Mojokerto, Kendal dan bahkan sampai Buleleng, Bali.Pertanyaan yang muncul kemudian adalah ada apa tiba-tiba muncul ulat bulu yang menghebohkan saat ini ? Tulisan ini akan membahas ulat bulu dari sisi ekologis dan pembelajaran karakter di sekolah.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="line-height:115%;font-size:12.0pt;" >Hikmah Ulat Bulu</span></b><span style="line-height:115%;font-size:12.0pt;" ></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style=" line-height:115%;font-size:12.0pt;" >Dengan munculnya ulat bulu yang mempunyai nama ilmiah <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Lymantria marginata </i></b>ini ada beberapa hikmah yang dapat kita petik<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>sebagai bahan kajian kita bersama, antara lain : <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal">1. Ada yang salah selama ini dalam menangani alam</b>. Kalau kita cermati munculnya hewan yang termasuk ordo ( bangsa ) Lepidoptera ( serangga bersayap sisik ) ini adalah terputusnya rantai makanan ( food chain ) dan jaring-jaring makanan ( food web ). Secara alami, bila ulat bulu makan daun mangga, maka ulat bulu sebagai konsumen I harus ada yang memangsa sebagai konsumen II. Sayangnya saat ini yang bertindak sebagai konsumen II yang menjadi predator ulat bulu jarang ditemukan kalau tidak mau dikatakan langka, seperti burung jalak Jawa(<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Acridotheres javanicus</i></b> ), burung kutilang (<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Pignonotus aurigaster</i></b> ), burung ciblek (<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Trinia familiaris</i></b>), kuntul kerbau (<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Bubulcus ibis</i></b>) dan masih banyak lagi. Akibat terputusnya rantai makanan ini inilah maka ulat bulu membludak dan akhirnya mengganggu aktivitas manusia itu sendiri.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"> 2. Pembelajaran Karakter di sekolah</b>. Dengan semakin gencarnya pemberitaan tentang ulat bulu ini dapat digunakan sebagai media pembelajaran karakter di sekolah sebab dalam siklus hidupnya makhluk yang sedang naik daun dan suka makan daun mangga ini mengalami metamorfosis sempurna, dimulai dari telur beberapa hari lalu larva (ulat) antara 2 – 3 minggu, pupa (kepompong) sekitar 2 minggu dan fase terakhir imago (dewasa/ kupu-kupu) selama sekitar 1 bulan.Pada saat fase larva (ulat) inilah karakter ulat sangat rakus, makan terus tidak peduli milik siapa, merusak (destruktif), penampilannya menjijikkan dan bila tersentuh kulit terasa gatal dan panas.Akibat karakter yang demikian ini hampir semua makhluk Tuhan menjauhi dan membencinya, termasuk manusia. Namun, ulat yang berkarakter demikian suatu saat ia insyaf dan bertaubat dan berjanji tidak akan mengulangi (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">taubatan nashuha</i>). Sebagai konsekuensinya, ia lalu berpuasa tidak makan, tidak minum, bahkan bergerakkan tidak, hanya berdo’a dan berdo’a semoga dosa-dosanya yang telah lalu diampuni oleh Tuhan. Ternyata Tuhan mengabulkan do’a ulat yang telah bertaubat ini dan setelah 2 minggu muncullah kupu-kupu yang indah dan dapat terbang kesana kemari dan membantu penyerbukan tanaman budidaya manusia.Jika ulat dijauhi dan dibenci manusia, maka kupu-kupu justru dicari dan disenangi manusia.Dengan memberikan contoh pembelajaran karakter pada ulat bulu ini kepada siswa di sekolah, logikanya jika makhluk seperti ulat saja bisa bertaubat dan berubah menjadi kupu-kupu yang baik dan berguna, apalagi kita manusia makhluk Tuhan yang paling mulia. Bagaimana menurut anda ?</span></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com8tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7395363856731919874.post-51568893478015964312011-04-04T18:54:00.000-07:002011-04-04T22:38:36.093-07:00YPPI FESTIVAL AJANG KREATIVITAS SISWA<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh76G3ntasjoTGSp2LPH4XPo_i28qk1b64LjkyWTigYqWhARZBorOo5exkA0-d_gLs2ZRgwaEEPdQr00AlHS3HKMpG_C0Ro2sNBVmbWlVPW32MQ28WH6y2CTQO9XYuuwx2wKj22lvfSrQ/s1600/YPPI+Festival.JPG"><img style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 180px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh76G3ntasjoTGSp2LPH4XPo_i28qk1b64LjkyWTigYqWhARZBorOo5exkA0-d_gLs2ZRgwaEEPdQr00AlHS3HKMpG_C0Ro2sNBVmbWlVPW32MQ28WH6y2CTQO9XYuuwx2wKj22lvfSrQ/s320/YPPI+Festival.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5591919751682532290" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><br /><div style="text-align: center;">Oleh : Mahfud<br />Humas YPPI Festival<br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Dalam rangka memberikan kesempatan yang seluas-luasnya kepada siswa baik dibidang seni maupun akademik, maka sekolah YPPI mulai TK, SD, SMP dan SMA yang berlokasi di Jl.Dharmahusada Indah Barat VI / 1 Surabaya menyelenggarakan kegiatan yang bertajuk : YPPI FESTIVAL. Kegiatan tersebut diadakan selama 2 hari, yaitu hari Jum’at – Sabtu, 17 – 18 Desember 2010. Adapun kegiatannya meliputi : Lomba Mewarna dan Fashion Show tingkat TK se – Suranaya, lomba Robotic, lomba Story Telling dan Mendongeng tingkat SD se – Surabaya, lomba Fashion Design dan Web Design tingkat SMP se – Surabaya. Selain itu juga ada bazaar, pameran hasil karya siswa, penampilan seni dan budaya. Bahkan pada hari Sabtu, 18 Desember 2010, YPPI Festival kedatangan “ Guest Stars “ Sharah ( Sharah Band ), John Paul Ivan ( Eks Boomerang ), Mr. Doddy ( Shine On Blues ). Ketika John Paul Ivan tampil bersama Mr. Doddy dan Mr. Alex ( Guru Seni Musik YPPI ) suasana panggung menjadi “gemuruh” dan para kuli tinta serta penonton yang semula duduk, tiba-tiba bangkit sambil mengabadikan momen yang amat langka tersebut. Pada saat itu juga, John Paul Ivan memberi kesempatan kepada siswa –siswi YPPI untuk bertanya tentang seluk beluk masalah gitar. Pada acara tersebut mulai dari TK, SMP dan SMA YPPI mengisi acara seni dan budaya selama 2 hari tersebut, bahkan Universitas Widya Kartikapun juga menampilkan 2 tarian.Acara YPPI Festival ini juga didukung oleh : Yudhistira, Yong Ma, Djatimas, Melodia, AUTO 2000 Basuki Rachmad, Ceremix, Good Day, dan Faber Castell.</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com68tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7395363856731919874.post-35918789126955962222010-07-16T18:46:00.000-07:002010-07-16T20:49:47.377-07:00GEMA KONFERENSI INTERNASIONAL TENTANG LINGKUNGAN HIDUP 2010<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXSvy61QzR2COnBdDPKi42bFbOw9T4Kk6fZ4DMw05QcJjFhb7bCR3Mk71qRkPeLY9oZiBC30xu4VTJlCIiCXmWBxh6612hJGrIw_c7xT_LQi1-xVmfLJX6gSqs3JeAnSQcHR7X3tme_A/s1600/Hutan.jpg"><img style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 240px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXSvy61QzR2COnBdDPKi42bFbOw9T4Kk6fZ4DMw05QcJjFhb7bCR3Mk71qRkPeLY9oZiBC30xu4VTJlCIiCXmWBxh6612hJGrIw_c7xT_LQi1-xVmfLJX6gSqs3JeAnSQcHR7X3tme_A/s320/Hutan.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5494691413242602242" border="0" /></a>
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mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: normal;" align="center"><b style=""><span style="font-size:12pt;">Oleh : MAHFUD<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: normal;" align="center"><b style=""><span style="font-size:12pt;">Salah satu peserta CEI 2010 dari YPPI<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: normal;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b style=""><span style="font-size:12pt;"><span style="">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style=""><span style="font-size:12pt;">Rasional<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><b style=""><span style="font-size:12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size:12pt;">Sebagai negara yang mempunyai keanekaragaman hayati terbanyak ke-2 setelah Brasil,Indonesia mempunyai peranan sangat penting dalam menangani issu pemanasan global (<i style=""> global warming</i> ). Begitu pentingnya keanekaragaman hayati ini, sampai-sampai PBB telah menetapkan<span style=""> </span>bahwa 2010 sebagai Tahun Keanekaragaman Hayati Internasional. Disamping itu, karena keanekaragaman hayati ini berhubungan erat dengan budaya, maka tema konferensi kali ini adalah : Keanekaragaman Hayati dan Budaya ( <i style="">Biodiversity and Culture </i>). Apalagi Indonesia dikenal sebagai negara yang kaya akan budaya dan adat istiadat. Oleh sebab itu, saat ini Indonesia mendapat kepercayaan menjadi tuan rumah Konferensi Internasional Tentang Lingkungan Hidup ke – 24 ( <i style="">The 24<sup>th</sup> Caretakers of the Environment International Conference</i> ) yang diselenggarakan mulai tanggal 4 – 10 Juli 2010<o:p></o:p> Bertempat di UPT Pelatihan Kesehatan Masyarakat Murnajati Jl. Argotunggal 1 Lawang – Malang, Jawa Timur. Konferensi ini khusus untuk pendidik, guru dan siswa SMP / SMA atau yang sederajat. Tujuan konferensi ini adalah menggali hubungan antara keanekaragaman hayati dengan budaya masyarakat setempat (<i style="">local wisdom</i>). <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: normal;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b style=""><span style="font-size:12pt;"><span style="">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style=""><span style="font-size:12pt;">Peserta<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size:12pt;">Jumlah seluruh peserta konferensi sebanyak 220 orang yang berasal dari 18 negara, yaitu :<o:p></o:p>Denmark, Greece (Yunani), Hongkong (China), Hungaria, India, Jepang, Korea Selatan, Malaysia, Netherland (Belanda), Pakistan, Polandia, Portugal, Rusia, Inggris, Swedia, Turki, Amerika Serikat, dan tuan rumah Indonesia. Sementara itu, peserta yang berasal dari Indonesia berasal dari 11 daerah, yaitu : Papua ( Jayapura dan Raja Ampat ), Kendari, Bali, Jakarta, Tangerang, Bandung, Bogor, Madura (Sumenep), Malang, Pasuruan dan Surabaya. Sedang peserta yang berasal dari Surabaya sebanyak 5 sekolah, yaitu : Sekolah YPPI, Sekolah Ciputra, Sekolah Cita Hati, SMAK St. Louis 1, dan SMAK St. Hendrikus. Peserta yang berasal dari YPPI sebanyak 6 orang, terdiri dari 4 siswa dan 2 orang guru. Ke empat siswa tersebut adalah Evelyn Marsarin dan Patricia Elias ( SMA YPPI – 1 ), Yusak Noven ( SMA YPPI – 2 ), serta Novi Carolina ( SMP YPPI – 1 ). Sedang 2 guru adalah Setijaning Utami, SE (SMA <span style=""> </span>YPPI – 2 ) dan penulis sendiri ( SMP YPPI – 2 ).</span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:0pt;color:black;" > <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: normal;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b style=""><span style="font-size:12pt;"><span style="">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style=""><span style="font-size:12pt;">Project<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size:12pt;">Setiap sekolah atau lembaga yang menjadi peserta konferensi wajib menampilkan minimal<span style=""> </span>1 project. Project tersebut ditampilkan dalam 2 bentuk, yaitu dalam bentuk dipresentasikan oleh siswa dan yang kedua dalam bentuk dipamerkan dalam papan project yang ditempel pada kertas manila atau sudah dibuat dalam bentuk banner. Boleh juga hasil karya siswa seperti tas dari hasil daur ulang bungkus makanan ringan (<i style="">snack</i>), T-Shirt yang disablon dengan slogan-slogan peringatan tentang pentingnya kelestarian alam atau hasil karya siswa berupa minuman herbal berupa ekstrak jahe, kencur dan kunyit yang dibagi-bagi kepada setiap pengunjung seperti yang dilakukan oleh peserta dari sekolah YPPI. Sementara itu, dari seluruh peserta yang ada terdapat 46 project, yang terbagi menjadi 5 lokasi presentasi dan dipandu 2 moderator dari negara yang berbeda. Setiap judul project yang membahas topik sama digabung dan masing-masing diberi waktu 15 menit untuk presentasi. Misalnya sekolah YPPI mempunyai 2 project, yang satu berjudul : “My Future Garden” karena topiknya sama dengan sekolah Kirov Rusia yang berjudul : “Parks of Our Town”, maka presentasinya bersama-sama dengan sekolah Kirov Rusia. Demikian pula project kedua dari sekolah YPPI yang berjudul : “My Spring Water” karena topiknya senada dengan delegasi dari Papua yang berjudul : “Danau Sentani”, maka presentasinya juga tampil bersama.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: normal;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b style=""><span style="font-size:12pt;"><span style="">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style=""><span style="font-size:12pt;">Field Trip<o:p style="font-weight: bold;"></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Pada hari ke 3 dan ke 4, Selasa dan Rabu, 6 – 7 Juli 2010, setiap peserta diminta untuk memilih salah satu dari 5 macam tipe ekosistem sebagai tujuan field Trip (di YPPI semacam Study Ekskursi). Kelima ekosistem tersebut adalah : 1. Ekosistem Hutan Hujan Tropis di Cangar 2. Ekosistem Vulkanik di gunung Bromo, 3. Ekosistem Hutan Bakau di Probolinggo, 4. Ekosistem Dataran Tinggi di Trawas, dan 5. Ekosistem Sawah di Tumpang. Peserta dari YPPI terbagi menjadi 2 kelompok, sebagian ikut ke ekosistem Hutan Hujan Tropis di Cangar dan sebagian ikut ekosistem Vulkanik di gunung Bromo. Penulis sendiri ikut ke ekosistem Hutan Hujan Tropis di Cangar. Sebelum peserta menuju ke Cangar, terlebih dahulu diterima Wali kota Batu untuk mempromosikan kota Batu kepada peserta yang memang mayoritas </span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> </span><span style="font-weight: bold;">berasal dari manca negara. Setelah itu peserta menuju ke Hutan Hujan Tropis di Cangar. Di dalam hutan yang masih alami ini peserta dapat mempelajari berbagai macam keanekaragaman hayati, seperti macam-macam tumbuhan paku yang menempel pada pohon, anggrek, lumut, lumut kerak (</span><b style="font-weight: bold;"><i style="">Lichenes</i></b><span style="font-weight: bold;">), rotan, pandan, berbagai jenis pohon,serta berbagai hewan, seperti kera, kupu-kupu, siput, serta bermacam-macam jenis burung. Bahkan menurut hasil penelitian dari P – WEC (Petungsewu Wildlife Education Center, 2010 : 7 ), menyebutkan bahwa jenis-jenis burung yang ada di hutan Cangar tercatat sebanyak 86 spesies, termasuk Elang Jawa (</span><b style="font-weight: bold;"><i style="">Spizaetus bartelsi</i></b><span style="font-weight: bold;">). Begitu asyiknya para peserta menyusuri jalan setapak di hutan Cangar, bahkan makan siang dan berfoto bersama juga di hutan. </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b style=""><span style="font-size:12pt;"><span style="">5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style=""><span style="font-size:12pt;">Local Wisdom<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; line-height: normal; font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:12pt;">Disetiap acara field trip, selalu ada acara mengunjungi ke desa, seperti yang penulis alami berkunjung ke desa Sumberbendo, Kecamatan Dau, Kabupaten Malang, , kira-kira 1 km dari tempat penulis menginap di P – WEC, para peserta disuguhi dengan kesenian tradisional, misalnya lagu dolanan dari anak-anak yang memakai mahkota dari berbagai daun, kesenian jaranan, pencak silat, sedekah bumi dan masih banyak lagi. Sepintas lalu memang tidak ada hubungan antara kesenian tradisional dengan keanekaragaman hayati, namun bila kita kaji lebih jauh ternyata terdapat korelasi (hubungan) diantara keduanya. Misalnya lagu-lagu dolanan sambil memakai mahkota dari macam-macam daun, berarti masyarakat tersebut harus menanam pohon yang menghasilkan daun untuk membuat bahan mahkota. Kesenian Jaranan menggunakan jaranan yang terbuat dari bambu dan bulunya dari ijuk serta cambuk (cemeti) dari rotan, berarti masyarakat tersebut harus menanam bambu, siwalan dan rotan agar kesenian jaranan dapat hidup terus. Pada kesenian Pencak Silat, salah satu adegannya punggung dipukul batang salak yang penuh duri tidak berdarah (kebal), berarti masyarakat disitu harus menanam salak. Demikian pula acara sedekah bumi yang menggelar selamatan di sumber air (punden). Menurut Suryo W. Prawiroatmodjo (2010 : 32), upacara selamatan Jawa yang lengkap, meliputi : Nasi yang paling utama dalam bentuk tumpeng (gunungan), padi yang masih dalam untaiannya, gabah, beras, nasi dalam takir, bubur, karak / rengginang, kelapa, pala pendem, seperti : singkong, ubi jalar, bentul, ganyong, garut dan lain-lain, pala kesimpar, seperti : semangka, labu, blewah dan sebagainya, pala gumandul, seperti : jambu, jeruk, mangga, rambutan dan masih banyak lagi, macam-macam sayuran, empon-empon, seperti : jahe, kunyit, kencur, temulawak dan sebagainya, bunga tiga warna (kembang setaman), air bersih (toya Amerta) dalam kendi dan padupan (perapen). Dengan masih tetap mempertahankan kearifan lokal (local wisdom), seperti kesenian lagu dolanan, jaranan, pencak silat, sedekah bumi, maka mau tidak mau masyarakat setempat akan tetap menanam tanaman yang dibutuhkan agar kesenian tradisionalnya tidak punah. Dengan demikian maka keanekaragaman hayati akan tetap terjaga.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: normal;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b style=""><span style="font-size:12pt;"><span style="">6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style=""><span style="font-size:12pt;">Harapan<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><b style=""><span style="font-size:12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size:12pt;"><span style=""> </span></span></b><span style="font-size:12pt;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Berdasarkan pengalaman penulis selama mengikuti CEI 2010, maka untuk CEI 2011 yang</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> </span><span style="font-weight: bold;">akan diselenggarakan di Hongaria, maka agar peserta dari YPPI</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> </span><span style="font-weight: bold;">mulai saat ini harus mempersiapkan diri mulai project yang akan dipresentasikan maupun project yang akan dipamerkan. Demikian pula kesenian yang akan ditampilkan bisa mewakili bangsa Indonesia pada umumnya dan</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> </span><span style="font-weight: bold;">masyarakat Surabaya khususnya, termasuk pakaian pendukungnya dan faktor bahasa tentunya. Sebab pada hari Jum’at, 9 Juli 2010 pada sesi Kesimpulan dan Rekomendasi (</span><i style="font-weight: bold;">Conclusion and Recommendations</i><span style="font-weight: bold;">), salah satu peserta dari YPPI, yaitu Evelyn Marsarin terpilih secara aklamasi untuk mewakili berbagai negara untuk presentasi tentang Ekosistem Hutan Hujan Tropis. Ini tentu prestasi yang luar biasa mengingat sekolah YPPI baru pertama kali mengikuti CEI ini. Dengan demikian YPPI ke depan dapat lebih berkiprah ke tingkat global. Semoga.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> Unknownnoreply@blogger.com17tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7395363856731919874.post-38047067000349997412010-05-18T20:44:00.000-07:002010-05-18T22:30:27.502-07:00"ROBOT PEROKOK" MEMBERI EFEK JERA BAGI SISWA YANG SUKA MEROKOK<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhti9OPtxbuTa3eZBzOAfU3NMJdwZS_RZD0lh26qSJ3lTliXo7y_xjcM8Md4h3bCmsTKtvl8JTvqsmHriMKK2Jha4GUNwZJmS_ZqegiefPSUhLgZCGp9aIYcRksYwtQGU0nQA0KqW4BHQ/s1600/Robot.JPG"><img style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 246px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhti9OPtxbuTa3eZBzOAfU3NMJdwZS_RZD0lh26qSJ3lTliXo7y_xjcM8Md4h3bCmsTKtvl8JTvqsmHriMKK2Jha4GUNwZJmS_ZqegiefPSUhLgZCGp9aIYcRksYwtQGU0nQA0KqW4BHQ/s320/Robot.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5472848167490180642" border="0" /></a><br /><div style="text-align: center;">Oleh : Mahfud<br /><div style="text-align: center;">Guru Biologi SMP YPPI – 2 Surabaya<br /><br /></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"> Menyambut datangnya Hari Anti Rokok Sedunia yang jatuh hari Senin, 31 Mei 2010, bagi Indonesia hal ini masih memprihatinkan. Mengapa ? Sebab menurut hasil Lembaga Survei Global, ternyata menemukan 3 dari 10 siswa sekolah telah mencoba merokok di bawah usia 10 tahun. Bahkan menurut Lembaga Kesehatan Dunia (WHO ), 59 % pria di atas 10 tahun di Indonesia telah menjadi perokok harian (www.netlog.com, 12 Mei 2010). Sementara itu, pada akhir Maret 2010 lalu, kita dikejutkan dengan beredarnya video di youtube yang berisi anak berumur 4 tahun yang berbicara kotor sambil merokok dalam sehari bisa menghabiskan satu pak (bungkus) rokok (www.detiknews.com, 31 Maret 2010) .Timbul pertanyaan, mengapa ada anak yang masih kecil suka merokok, padahal jelas bahwa rokok merugikan kesehatan baik untuk diri sendiri maupun orang lain ? Untuk menjawab pertanyaan di atas memang tidak semudah membalik telapak tangan sebab pemerintahpun sudah memberi peringatan pada setiap kemasan rokok, bahwa merokok dapat menyebabkan kanker, serangan jantung, impotensi dan gangguan kehamilan serta janin. Selain penyakit di atas masih ada beberapa penyakit akibat merokok yang jarang dipublikasikan, seperti menurunkan kekebalan tubuh (imunitas), kerontokan rambut, katarak mata, kulit cepat keriput, kehilangan pendengaran dini, kerusakan gigi, osteoporosis, mengurangi dan menyebabkan kelainan sperma (www.mail-archive.com, 15 Mei 2010, namun para perokok tetap jalan terus. Persis seperti bunyi pepatah : Biar anjing menggonggong kafilah tetap berlalu.<br /> Salah satu alternatif untuk menjawab pertanyaan di atas adalah dengan cara membuat “Robot Perokok”. Mengapa ? Sebab robot ini mempunyai beberapa keunggulan antara lain : siswa akan mengetahui secara langsung akibat orang merokok dan mendiskusikannya dengan teman-temannya, mengetahui kandungan zat kimia dalam sebatang rokok, memanfaatkan barang bekas yang tidak berguna untuk kegiatan yang lebih bermanfaat dan masih banyak lagi. Alat dan bahan untuk membuat robot ini antara lain, botol air mineral 1,5 liter, selang dengan diameter ukuran rokok 5 cm, plastisin (malam mainan), obeng plus, lilin, korek api, tas kresek, 2 kayu penyangga,rokok,air,bak plastik(ember),kapas,dangunting/kater.Cara membuatnya, pertama-tama tutup botol dilubangi dengan obeng plus yang dipanaskan pada lilin yang menyala, setelah itu diisi selang lalu sela-sela antara selang dan tutup botol diisi plastisin agar tidak ada kebocoran udara, selang bagian atas diisi rokok dan selang bagian bawah diisi kapas sebagai pengganti paru-paru. Selanjutnya bagian bawah botol juga dilubangi lalu ditutup dengan tas kresek dan diisi air sampai tigaperempat volume botol. Setelah semuanya siap botol yang telah berisi air diletakkan di atas bak plastik (ember) yang diberi 2 kayu penyangga lalu ditutup dengan penutupnya yang sudah ada rokok dan kapas. Setelah itu, rokok dinyalakan dan tas kresek penutup bagian bawah botol ditarik maka robot mulai “merokok”(Foto di atas).<br /> Setelah kurang lebih 5 menit rokok akan habis dan air dalam botolpun juga ikut habis, kemudian tutup botol dibuka dan kapas dalam selang pelan-pelan dikeluarkan maka akan tampak kapas yang semula putih bersih menjadi kuning kecoklat-coklatan . Kandungan nikotin dalam sebatang rokok berkisar antara 0,6 – 2,4 mg. Disamping itu, asap rokok juga mengandung : arsenik, aseton, butan, karbonmonoksida dan sianida ( www.artikelasik.com, 8 Mei 2010).Dengan mengetahui kandungan zat kimia yang terdapat dalam sebatang rokok, maka akan tertanam dalam benak siswa bahwa kalau satu batang rokok saja kandungan zat kimia seperti itu apa lagi bila satu pak (bungkus) atau lebih, tentu tubuh kita akan menjadi sarang berbagai macam penyakit. Oleh sebab itu, bersamaan dengan Hari Anti Rokok Sedunia tanggal 31 Mei 2010 mari kita berhenti dari merokok, kita jauhkan rokok dari keluarga kita. Bagaimana menurut anda ?<br /></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com8tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7395363856731919874.post-75466555903677063402009-11-18T15:46:00.000-08:002009-11-18T16:21:55.177-08:00SISWA RAFFLES SINGAPORE MENJADI TAMU SMP YPPI - 2 SURABAYA<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQGlg88AaWuSLNoiqyldd4QVcj2u2-AD0-wv8QpjPFPt_ZzhyshFDdL7ABdX6Q4vwVYEMpzv7fGIkjvLpxoqwoh5vpPimVjWhqb04YGPzXwgeuiDPdgchSJWEETA8Cs9V2dvbBXBFVoA/s1600/Chengho.JPG"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 240px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQGlg88AaWuSLNoiqyldd4QVcj2u2-AD0-wv8QpjPFPt_ZzhyshFDdL7ABdX6Q4vwVYEMpzv7fGIkjvLpxoqwoh5vpPimVjWhqb04YGPzXwgeuiDPdgchSJWEETA8Cs9V2dvbBXBFVoA/s320/Chengho.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5405597913784620642" border="0" /></a><br /><div style="text-align: center;">Oleh : Mahfud<br />Guru Biologi SMP YPPI – 2 Surabaya<br /></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">1. Rasional<br /> Sebanyak 27 siswa dan 2 guru dari Raffles Institutions Singapore menjadi tamu SMP YPPI – 2 Surabaya sejak 11 – 23 Nopember 2009 dalam rangka “ Pertukaran Pelajar “ ( Student Exchange ) yang saat ini merupakan tahun ke 3 dari program ini. Tujuan kegiatan ini adalah untuk mempelajari perbedaan budaya, cara belajar, lingkungan hidup, sejarah , bahasa dan masih banyak yang lain. Oleh sebab itu, selama di SMP YPPI – 2 Surabaya mereka bila pagi ikut pelajaran di kelas atau kunjungan ke suatu tempat ( outing class ) setelah itu mereka pulang ke rumah anak SMP YPPI – 2 yang bulan Pebruari 2010 akan menjadi tamu di Raffles Institutions Singapore. Dengan demikian mereka akan mengetahui secara langsung keadaan keluarga di Indonesia, khususnya siswa SMP YPPI – 2 Surabaya. Selain itu, mereka juga belajar banyak tentang keadaan Surabaya dan sekitarnya baik keramahan penduduknya maupun tempat-tempat wisata serta peninggalan sejarah kota pahlawan ini.<br />2. Host Parents<br /> Host parents adalah sebutan untuk anak SMP YPPI – 2 Surabaya yang rumahnya ditempati siswa atau guru dari Raffles. Mereka ini nantinya yang akan mewakili SMP YPPI – 2 Surabaya untuk mengadakan kunjungan balasan ke Raffles Institutions Singapore pada bulan Pebruari 2010 . Jumlah host parents ini sama dengan jumlah siswa dan guru yang datang ke SMP YPPI – 2 Surabaya. Untuk tahun ini, siswa atau guru Raffles dan host parentsnya adalah sebagai berikut : Izhar bin Jumadi di rumah Alvin Cornelius (IX-C), Mohamad Farhan bin Khalid di rumah Enrico Armando (VIII-D), Mr. Paul (Teacher) di rumah Lusiani (VIII-B), Mohammad Hafeez bin Khalid di rumah Joana Marvelin (VIII-C), Mohamad Hakiim bin Mohamad Razali di rumah Jessica Pratiwi (VIII-B), Muhammad bin Mohamed Mustafa di rumah Timothy Brian (VIII-B), Muhammad Fadhli bin Mohamad Ikbal di rumah Sylvia Yuanita (IX-B), Muhammad Firdaus bin Sulaiman di rumah Ivone Halim (IX-C), Ong Cheng Yuen di rumah Ardeliah Tjiptawan (IX-A), Amir Irsyad Khan bin Abdul Hamid Khan di rumah Gibbor Theofilus (IX-D), Muhammad Azhar bin Haj Mohamed di rumah Meiliana Wikarsa (IX-A), Muhammad Idris bin Abrahim di rumah Stefani Wong (IX-A), Abdul Muhaimin bin Abdul Rahman di rumah Evelin Suwandi (VIII-D), Mohamed Danish Fawaz bin Rahmat<br />di rumah Vivien Vinchu (IX-A), Muhammad Danial bin Rosli di rumah Hardianto Rumui (IX-B), Dehn See Toh Wei Jie di rumah Gladys Gracia Sabandar (VIII-D), Haziq bin Zakariah di rumah Febryna Dayanti (IX-D), Muhamad Izzad Afiq bin Othman di rumah Alita Prameswari (IX-D), Muhammad Nur Aliff bin Kamaruddin di rumah Anthony (VIII-D), Ng Yong Zhe Nigel di rumah Evelin Suwandi (VIII-D), Ong Chuan Kai di rumah Lusiani (VIII-B), Neo Gao Ming di rumah Calvin Sebastian (VIII-C), Mr. Koh Siak Peng (Teacher) di rumah Stefani Wong (IX-A), Muhammad Alif bin Jamal di rumah Thereia Ciuwangi (IX-D), Muhammad Amzar bin Shafarudin di rumah Theresia Henki Tasman (IX-A), Bhargav Sri Ganesh di rumah A.A.N. Dianta Esa (VIII-A), Mohamad Fitri bin Mohamad Rashed di rumah Kevin Tantri (IX-C), Hairul Siddeeq bin Mohamed Ansar di rumah Cindy Natalia (IX-C), dan Chew Shai Jie di rumah Christina Halim (IX-B).<br />3. AKTIFITAS<br /> Mulai 11 Nopember 2009 pukul 18.00 mereka dijemput di Bandara Juanda sampai di SMP YPPI – 2 Surabaya pukul 19.30 dilanjutkan acara seremonial dan perkenalan dengan host parents hingga berakhir pukul 21.00. Esoknya, hari Kamis, 12 Nopember 2009 acaranya pengenalan program selama di SMP YPPI – 2 serta Surabaya dan sekitarnya., Observasi Sekolah, belajar Karawitan dan Kulintang serta Tari modern. Pada hari Jum’at, 13 Nopember 2009 setelah siswa Raffles di beri pengarahan oleh Mr. Paul, selanjutnya ke Taman Flora untuk menanam melati Jepang yang saat itu banyak diliput media massa, antara lain, Jawa Pos, Surya, Suara Surabaya.net, Duta dan Bisnis Chanel TV (BCTV). Selanjutnya ke Kebun Binatang Surabaya (KBS), dan Masjid Chengho. Di masjid Chengho ini sebagian siswa Raffles ada yang sholat dan Mr. Paul tidak henti-hentinya memotret masjid yang arsitekturnya mirip dengan kelenteng. Kegiatan hari itu di akhiri dengan belanja souvenir dan batik di toko Mirota. Hari Sabtu, 14 Nopember 2009, bersama dengan siswa kelas VIII SMP YPPI – 2, mereka ikut study ekskursi ke gua Akbar di Tuban kemudian dilanjutkan ke gua Maharani dan Wahana Bahari Lamongan (WBL) di Lamongan.Pada hari Senin, 16 Nopember 2009, mereka belajar bersama dengan SD Santa Melania yang disebut “One Day Learning”, setelah itu mereka menikmati indahnya jembatan Suramadu yang menghubungkan antara kota Surabaya dengan pulau Madura. Acara hari itu diakhiri dengan kunjungan ke pantai Kenjeran Surabaya sambil berlayar ke pulau pasir. Tanggal 17 – 19 Nopember 2009, mereka mengikuti kegiatan Gunung Hutan dan Laut (GHL), yaitu semacam kegiatan outbond bersama siswa kelas IX SMP YPPI – 2 Surabaya ke Pusat Pendidikan Lingkungan Hidup (PPLH) di desa Seloliman, Kecamatan Trawas ,Kabupaten Mojokerto. Di PPLH ini siswa Raffles banyak belajar tentang kehidupan masyarakat desa, Teknologi Tepat Lingkungan (TTL), Daur ulang limbah, hutan tropis dan napak tilas patirtan Prabu Airlangga dan tentunya menikmati sejuknya udara pegunungan serta segarnya mandi air sumber dari pegunungan.Pada hari Jum’at, 20 Nopember 2009 siswa Raffles akan belajar bersama dengan SD YPPI – 1 Surabaya yang juga disebut “ One Day Learning “ dan selanjutnya mereka akan membuat persiapan presentasi yang akan digelar hari Senin, 23 Nopember 2009 tentang materi apa saja yang telah mereka pelajari selama berada di Surabaya dan sekitarnya. Hari Sabtu, 21 Nopember 2009, mereka akan melihat secara langsung ke lokasi Lumpur Lapindo dan Museum Mpu Tantular di Sidoarjo serta menikmati lezatnya ikan bakar di rumah makan “Joyo”.Hari terakhir, Senin, 23 Nopember 2009 adalah hari yang ditunggu-tunggu para wartawan, sebab siswa Raffles akan presentasi tentang hasil yang diperoleh selama di Surabaya dan sekitarnya dan penampilan seni bersama antara siswa Raffles dengan siswa SMP YPPI – 2 Surabaya dan acara diakhiri foto bersama selanjutnya terus menuju ke bandara Juanda untuk kembali ke Singapora.<br />4. HARAPAN<br /> Dengan adanya kegiatan Student Exchange ini diharapkan ke depan tidak ada lagi kendala masalah budaya, bahasa, makanan dan lain-lain sehingga masing-masing sekolah, kota bahkan negara dapat mengambil manfaat sebesar-besarnya dari kegiatan ini sebagai wahana promosi baik proses belajar mengajar, etos belajar, disiplin maupun pariwisata masing-masing negara. Semoga.<br /></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7395363856731919874.post-34688933887063473022009-08-08T06:57:00.000-07:002009-08-08T07:26:45.358-07:00ADA APA DENGAN FLU BABI ?<div style="text-align: justify;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilt210S5YnnuWBz5rN-zYDoJjjmmcLX2_nsySNCit8oAHiF0E40kr2DPTMiFn6zBWlVVxnDVk8yg0BQskb_NMgkJ6f0v7zCvVAbRQWucZkkwnz__7lb0aIG2yzTO2RD7lcE55zGUKsFw/s1600-h/Hormat.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 253px; height: 320px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilt210S5YnnuWBz5rN-zYDoJjjmmcLX2_nsySNCit8oAHiF0E40kr2DPTMiFn6zBWlVVxnDVk8yg0BQskb_NMgkJ6f0v7zCvVAbRQWucZkkwnz__7lb0aIG2yzTO2RD7lcE55zGUKsFw/s320/Hormat.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5367593576566824882" border="0" /></a><br /></div><!--[if !mso]> <style> v\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} o\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} w\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} .shape {behavior:url(#default#VML);} </style> <![endif]--><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name="country-region"></o:smarttagtype><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name="City"></o:smarttagtype><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name="place"></o:smarttagtype><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:view>Normal</w:View> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:punctuationkerning/> <w:validateagainstschemas/> <w:saveifxmlinvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:ignoremixedcontent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:alwaysshowplaceholdertext>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:compatibility> <w:breakwrappedtables/> <w:snaptogridincell/> <w:wraptextwithpunct/> <w:useasianbreakrules/> <w:dontgrowautofit/> </w:Compatibility> <w:browserlevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:latentstyles deflockedstate="false" latentstylecount="156"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if !mso]><object classid="clsid:38481807-CA0E-42D2-BF39-B33AF135CC4D" id="ieooui"></object> <style> st1\:*{behavior:url(#ieooui) } </style> <![endif]--><style> <!-- /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-parent:""; margin:0cm; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";} a:link, span.MsoHyperlink {color:blue; text-decoration:underline; text-underline:single;} a:visited, span.MsoHyperlinkFollowed {color:purple; text-decoration:underline; text-underline:single;} @page Section1 {size:612.1pt 1008.15pt; margin:72.0pt 89.85pt 72.0pt 89.85pt; mso-header-margin:35.45pt; mso-footer-margin:35.45pt; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} --> </style><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span style="" lang="PT-BR"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span style="" lang="PT-BR"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style="">Oleh : Drs. Mahfud<o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style="">Guru Biologi SMP YPPI – 2<span style=""> </span><st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on">Surabaya</st1:city></st1:place><o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><a href="http://www.wahanaguru.blogspot.com/"><span style="" lang="PT-BR"><br /></span></a><o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span style="" lang="PT-BR"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="" lang="PT-BR">Luar biasa ! </span>Ungkapan itu tepat untuk menggambar penyakit yang saat ini menjadi <i style="">momok </i>yang menghantui setiap manusia. Penyakit itu adalah flu babi atau dalam bahasa Inggris disebut <i style="">swine flu, </i>bahkan ada pula yang menyebut <i style="">flu Mexico</i> sebab penderita paling banyak berasal dari negara tersebut<i style="">.</i>Betapa tidak, dari bulan April sampai Juli 2009 harian Kompas memberitakan flu babi lebih dari 10 kali, sedang Jawa Pos selama 4 hari berturut-turut mulai 28 – 31 Juli 2009 membuat kolom khusus tentang flu babi ini. Andaikan tidak ada pengeboman di hotel JW Marriot dan Ritz Carlton di Jakarta pada tanggal 17 Juli 2009 dan meninggalnya seniman “nyentrik”mbah Surip 4 Agustus 2009 yang disusul 2 hari kemudian penyair dan budayawan kondang “Si Burung Merak” WS Rendra serta 2 hari berikutnya tewasnya gembong teroris Nurdin M Top,mungkin berita tentang flu babi ini pasti lebih gencar lagi.<o:p></o:p>Berdasarkan data Dinas Kesehatan Jawa Timur menyebutkan, sebanyak 89 pasien yang terinfeksi ( suspect ) flu babi, 36 orang dinyatakan positif. Dari 36 orang yang positif terkena flu babi, berasal dari 12 kota dan kabupaten di Jawa Timur, yaitu Banyuwangi, Jember, Jombang,Lamongan, Lumajang, Malang, Mojokerto, Nganjuk, Ponorogo, Probolinggo, Sidoarjo, dan Surabaya (Jawa Pos, 31 Juli 2009).<o:p></o:p>Sementara itu, di Surabaya, sebanyak 65 santriwati (siswi) dari Pondok Pesantren Assalafi Al Fitrah, Kedinding Lor Surabaya diduga suspect flu babi dan harus rawat inap di RS Haji Sukolilo Surabaya dan setelah di tes darahnya, ternyata 6 diantaranya positif terinfeksi flu babi ( Jawa Pos, 30 Juli 2009 ). Pertanyaan yang muncul adalah mengapa tiba-tiba flu babi menyerang <st1:country-region st="on">Indonesia</st1:country-region> khususnya <st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on">Surabaya</st1:city></st1:place> ? Pertanyaan berikutnya, bagaimana cara pencegahan dini agar terhindar dari serangan flu babi yang menghebohkan itu ? Tulisan ini akan mengulas tentang flu babi dan cara-cara pencegahan dini agar terhindar dari penyakit yang sedang naik daun ini.<o:p></o:p>Penyebab penyakit yang menghebohkan ini adalah virus flu yang disebut H1N1 atau <i style="">Influenzavirus A</i>, bahkan menurut dr. Sita Andarini, PhD.,Sp.P. dari Departemen Pulmonologi dan Ilmu Kedokteran Respirasi Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia, menyebutkan bahwa penyebab penyakit ini merupakan campuran antara 8 genetik virus influenza yang berbeda, jadi bukan virus flu biasa (Kompas, 10 Juni 2009).Masa inkubasi (masa tunas) penyakit ini antara 1 – 3 hari. Masa inkubasi adalah rentang waktu antara masuknya bibit penyakit (virus H1N1) ke dalam tubuh hingga timbul gejala-gejala penyakit. Sementara itu, gejala-gejala orang yang terserang penyakit ini antara lain, wajah pucat, demam, batuk berat, sakit pada tenggorokan, kepala pusing, badan panas dingin dan lemah, bahkan beberapa penderita mengalami diare disertai muntah-muntah (<a href="http://www.wikipedia.org/">www.wikipedia.org</a>, 5 Agustus 2009) Sedang cara penularan penyakit ini, menurut Kepala Dinas Kesehatan Kota Surabaya, Esty Mardianti Rachmie sangat cepat sebab penularannya melalui jalan pernafasan terutama bila terjadi kerumunan massa apalagi kontak<span style=""> </span>dengan penderita<span style=""> </span>secara langsung.Oleh sebab itu wajar bila pada saat terjadi haul akbar ( peringatan HUT kematian) di Pondok Pesantren Assalafi Al Fitrah di Kedinding Lor Surabaya yang dihadiri undangan sekitar 10.000 orang dan 200 diantaranya berasal dari Malaysia dan Singapura ada 60 santriwatinya yang diduga terinfeksi flu babi (Jawa Pos, 28 Juli 2009).Selanjutnya bagaimana cara penggulangan penyakit yang menghebohkan ini ? Di bawah ini adalah tindakan yang dapat diambil agar kita terhindar<span style=""> </span>dari penularan flu babi, antara lain, <i style="">pertama</i>, menutup mulut dan hidung dengan tissue saat batuk atau bersin kemudian setelah selesai tissue dibuang di tempat sampah, <i style="">kedua</i>, mencuci tangan dengan sabun lalu dibilas air bersih setelah bersin atau batuk, <i style="">ketiga</i>, menghindari kontak langsung dengan penderita flu babi, <i style="">keempat</i>, jika sudah terlanjur sakit flu babi,sebaiknya tetap dirumah, tidak pergi ke sekolah atau bekerja agar tidak tertular kepada orang lain dan<span style=""> </span>obat yang disarankan adalah tamiflu (oseltamivir) , <i style="">kelima</i>, hindarilah menyentuh mata, hidung atau mulut penderita flu babi sebab virus menular lewat bagian tubuh tersebut (<a href="http://www.halbarkab.go.id/">www.halbarkab.go.id</a>). Sebagian kalangan menilai, bahwa nama flu babi ini kurang tepat sebab penularan penyakit ini lebih banyak ditularkan antara manusia dengan manusia, walaupun memang babi juga bisa menularkan baik flu babi sendiri (H1N1) maupun flu burung (H5N1). </b><b style=""><span style="" lang="PT-BR">Oleh sebab itu, mulai 30 April 2009, Badan Kesehatan PBB (WHO), mengganti nama flu babi menjadi <i style="">Influenza A (H1N1)</i> (<a href="http://www.wikipedia.org/">www.wikipedia.org</a>., 7 Agustus 2009). Padahal nama flu babi terlanjur “ngetren” di masyarakat, bagaimana menurut anda ?<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="" lang="PT-BR"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com35tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7395363856731919874.post-37674074487573500202009-04-28T22:22:00.000-07:002009-04-28T22:31:01.154-07:00PENCEMARAN LINGKUNGAN<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTWiFo6L-HElkJ1HUMsRJM60qi-MRMOc3bOOklZP7R-IVPKRSyUvvsAbmR72S_v85lueM-1jixMX98n-gQ5Uvib6cDk0qSENW77VqEZyTlD4yUC5YERvDcVy9Ir0gbK0gnQ2R1NB8Gyw/s1600-h/limbah.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 240px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTWiFo6L-HElkJ1HUMsRJM60qi-MRMOc3bOOklZP7R-IVPKRSyUvvsAbmR72S_v85lueM-1jixMX98n-gQ5Uvib6cDk0qSENW77VqEZyTlD4yUC5YERvDcVy9Ir0gbK0gnQ2R1NB8Gyw/s320/limbah.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5329980516560615474" border="0" /></a>
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</w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><style> <!-- /* Font Definitions */ @font-face {font-family:"Cambria Math"; panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0; mso-font-charset:1; mso-generic-font-family:roman; mso-font-format:other; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:0 0 0 0 0 0;} /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-unhide:no; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; margin:0cm; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";} .MsoChpDefault {mso-style-type:export-only; mso-default-props:yes; font-size:10.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;} @page Section1 {size:612.0pt 792.0pt; margin:72.0pt 90.0pt 72.0pt 90.0pt; mso-header-margin:35.4pt; mso-footer-margin:35.4pt; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} --> </style><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style="">Oleh : Mahfud<o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style="">Guru Biologi SMP YPPI – 2 Surabaya<o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"><b style=""><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><b style=""><i style="">Pencemaran (polusi)</i></b> adalah proses masuknya polutan ke dalam suatu lingkungan sehingga menurunkan mutu lingkungan. Sedang yang dimaksud <b style=""><i style="">lingkungan</i></b> adalah segala sesuatu yang ada di sekitar kita, baik berupa faktor abiotik (benda mati) maupun faktor biotik (makhluk hidup).Sementara itu, yang dimaksud <b style=""><i style="">polutan</i></b> adalah bahan pencemar lingkungan, dapat berupa bahan kimia, debu, panas, suara, radiasi, dan mikroorganisme.Suatu zat dikategorikan polutan (bahan pencemar) apabila kadarnya melebihi batas kewajaran serta berada pada waktu dan tempat yang tidak tepat.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;">Berdasarkan <b style=""><i style="">sifat polutannya</i></b>, pencemaran dibedakan menjadi 3 kelompok, yaitu : 1. <b style=""><i style="">Pencemaran Kimiawi</i></b>, yaitu pencemaran<span style=""> </span>yang disebabkan oleh zat-zat kimia.2. <b style=""><i style="">Pencemaran Fisikawi</i></b>, yaitu pencemaran yang disebabkan oleh zat cair, zat padat, dan gas. 3. <b style=""><i style="">Pencemaran Biologis</i></b>, yaitu pencemaran yang disebabkan oleh mikroorganisme.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="" lang="PT-BR">Sementara itu, berdasarkan <b style=""><i style="">tempatnya</i></b>, pencemaran dibedakan menjadi 4 macam, yaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><b style=""><i style=""><span style="" lang="PT-BR">air, udara, tanah dan udara</span></i></b><span style="" lang="PT-BR">. Beberapa istilah dalam pencemaran adalah :<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;">1. <b style=""><i style="">Penyakit Minamata</i></b> adalah penyakit akibat penimbunan logam berat merkuri (raksa).</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;">2. <b style=""><i style="">Eutrofikasi </i></b>adalah pertumbuhan yang sangat cepat dari gulma air akibat kelebihan sisa</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style=""> </span>pupuk yang terbawa air.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;">3. <b style=""><i style="">DDT (Dikloro Diphenyl Trikloroetana)</i></b> adalah salah satu jenis insektisida yang sangat</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="" lang="PT-BR"><span style=""> </span>Berbahaya karena tidak dapat terurai di alam.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;">4. <b style=""><i style="">Efek Rumah Kaca ( Green House Effect )</i></b> adalah meningkatnya kadar CO<sub>2 </sub>di </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style=""> </span>atmosfer akibat asap dari cerobong baprik dan kendaraan bermotor yang menghalangi </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="" lang="PT-BR"><span style=""> </span>pantulan panas dari bumi sehingga bumi makin lama makin panas.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;">5. <b style=""><i style="">Hujan asam</i></b> adalah<span style=""> </span>hujan yang bercampur dengan oksida nitrogen (NO<sub>2</sub> dan NO<sub>3</sub>) <span style=""> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style=""> </span>dan oksida belerang (SO<sub>2</sub> dan SO<sub>3</sub>).</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; font-weight: bold;">A. Jawablah pertanyaan di bawah ini dengan singkat dan tepat !</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style=""> </span>1. Tuliskan dengan singkat pengertian dari pencemaran (polusi) !</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style=""> </span>2. Jelaskan pengertian dari lingkungan !</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style=""> </span>3. Apa yang dimaksud dengan polutan ?</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style=""> </span>4. Sebutkan kriteria suatu zat disebut sebagai bahan pencemar (polutan) !</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style=""> </span>5. Sebutkan macam pencemaran berdasarkan sifat polutannya !</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style=""> </span>6. Sebutkan pula macam pencemaran berdasarkan tempat terjadinya pencemaran !</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="" lang="PT-BR"><span style=""> </span>7. Bagaimana penyakit Minamata bisa terjadi pada manusia ? Jelaskan !<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="" lang="PT-BR"><span style=""> </span>8. Jelaskan bagaimana peristiwa eutrofikasi bisa terjadi !<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="" lang="PT-BR"><span style=""> </span>9. Mengapa kita tidak diperbolehkan menggunakan gas CFC ? Jelaskan !<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="" lang="PT-BR"><span style=""> </span></span>10. Jelaskan dengan singkat proses terjadinya hujan asam !</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; font-weight: bold;">B. Tugas Kelompok :</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style=""> </span>Buatlah kliping secara kelompok yang terdiri dari 5 siswa tentang pencemaran </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style=""> </span>lingkungan. Pilihlah salah satu pencemaran boleh pencemaran air, tanah, udara </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="" lang="PT-BR"><span style=""> </span>maupun suara minimal 5 halaman. Materi bisa diambil dari koran, majalah maupun<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="" lang="PT-BR"><span style=""> </span>internet !<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="" lang="PT-BR"><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> Unknownnoreply@blogger.com22tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7395363856731919874.post-11140626875202265872009-03-29T19:04:00.000-07:002009-03-29T19:39:52.432-07:00MENUMBUHSUBURKAN ETIKA LINGKUNGAN PADA SISWA<div align="center"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwa8HrKP2bssG8wImo_9ILgeN7zFUoJVZWJfoa5YPNkwxpBmu16SFRNNLjJKJzGyZsC9_E-4H630oh6ovJsNPgO3xknr3NeXWvv8Ar3DVlxXFe2ov-JWfsIxRZduO6OWcJdegAVyLy9w/s1600-h/Mahfud+2.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5318797801217106354" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 281px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 320px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwa8HrKP2bssG8wImo_9ILgeN7zFUoJVZWJfoa5YPNkwxpBmu16SFRNNLjJKJzGyZsC9_E-4H630oh6ovJsNPgO3xknr3NeXWvv8Ar3DVlxXFe2ov-JWfsIxRZduO6OWcJdegAVyLy9w/s320/Mahfud+2.jpg" border="0" /></a><strong>Oleh : Mahfud<br />Guru Biologi SMP YPPI – 2 Surabaya</strong></div><div align="justify"><br /><strong>1. RASIONAL </strong><br />Di saat negara sedang genjar-genjarnya kampanye legislatif, tiba-tiba kita dikejutkan adanya berita jebolnya tanggul Situ Gintung di Kelurahan Cirendeu, Kecamatan Ciputat, Kota Tangerang Selatan, Banten. Saat itu, hari Sabtu dini hari, 27 Maret 2009 sekitar pukul 03.30 air bah yang mirip tsunami menyapu bersih pemukiman penduduk di pinggiran selatan ibu kota Jakarta. Menurut pantauan Badan Perencanaan Daerah (Bappeda) Tangerang Selatan, areal yang terendam air sekitar 10 hektar.Sedang menurut Posko Utama Penanggulangan Bencana Universitas Muhammadiyah Jakarta (UMJ) mencatat korban tewas 63 orang dan 80 orang hilang ( Jawa Pos, 28 Maret 2009).<br />Sementara itu, menurut harian Kompas, jebolnya tanggul buatan Belanda tahun 1932 ini menghancurkan 300 rumah, korban tewas mencapai 65 orang, 98 orang hilang dan 52 orang cedera, dan 25 orang dirawat di rumah sakit Fatmawati(Kompas, 28 Maret 2009 ). Berdasarkan realita di atas, maka muncullah pertanyaan, mengapa ini semua dapat terjadi ? Untuk menjawab pertanyaan ini tentu jawabnya beragam.Tergantung dari pola pikir kita masing-masing. Menurut Kepala Balai Besar Wilayah Sungai Ciliwung-Cisadane, Pitoyo Subandrio, jebolnya tanggul Situ Gintung karena hujan deras yang turun 5 jam tanpa henti (Jawa Pos, 30 Maret 2009). Sedang menurut seniman seperti Ebiet G. Ade jawabnya mungkin Tuhan mulai bosan melihat tingkah kita yang selalu salah dan bangga dengan dosa-dosa atau alam mulai enggan bersabat dengan kita, coba kita bertanya kepada rumput yang bergoyang. Namun, ada satu hal yang dilupakan banyak pihak, bahwa sejak jaman Belanda ada larangan membangun rumah atau bangunan di sekitar waduk Situ Gintung pada radius 1 km2 . Selain itu, hutan di hulu sungai yang biasanya menyimpan air hujan sudah sudah dibabat habis manusia (Jawa Pos, 30 Maret 2009).Pertanyaan yang muncul kemudian adalah, mengapa manusia membangun rumah dan membabat hutan di sekitar waduk Situ Gintung ?Salah satu jawabannya adalah bahwa mereka tidak atau kurang mempunyai etika lingkungan sehingga kurang peka terhadap lingkungan sekitarnya. Menurut A.Sonny Keraf (2007), yang dimaksud etika lingkungan adalah filsafat (pandangan) hidup secara damai dengan alam, baik tumbuhan, hewan, mikroorganisme maupun benda-benda mati yang ada di sekitarnya. Artikel ini akan membahas bagaimana menumbuhsuburkan etika lingkungan kepada siswa berdasarkan pengalaman penulis menjadi guru selama 18 tahun di Yayasan Pengembangan Pendidikan Indonesia (YPPI), khususnya SMP YPPI – 2 Surabaya.<br /><strong>2. Bentuk Kegiatan</strong><br />Ada beberapa kegiatan yang dapat digunakan untuk menumbuhsuburkan sikap etika lingkungan, antara lain :<br /><strong>a. GHL ( Gunung, Hutan dan Laut )</strong><br />Program GHL ini merupakan kegiatan wajib yang harus diikuti siswa dan guru mulai jenjang TK, SD, SMP, dan SMA yang dilaksanakan setiap tahun sekali, kegiatannya mirip dengan out bound, namun materi dan waktu disesuaikan dengan jenjang pendidikan masing-masing.Kegiatan ini dimulai sejak 1986 sampai sekarang masih berlangsung. Alasan diadakan kegiatan ini disamping menumbuhsuburkan etika lingkungan adalah selama ini siswa kami hidup di kota besar ( Surabaya ) yang segalanya serba konsumtif dan individualistis maka dengan adanya GHL ini mereka diperkenalkan langsung dengan lingkungan alam nyata bukan sekedar teori di kelas yang bersifat verbalistik. Hidup berkelompok dalam satu regu, saling tolong menolong antara satu dengan yang lain.Contoh kegiatan, misalnya paket kegiatan menghitung jumlah populasi makhluk hidup secara simple random sampling di hutan Mahoni (<em><strong>Swetenia mahagoni</strong></em>)<br />Trawas – Mojokerto (1995), Identifikasi Biota Laut di pantai Tuban (2006), Pendidikan Lingkungan Hidup dan Budaya Jawa di Kaliandra (2007). Disamping itu, juga diisi diskusi, yel-yel, game, jurit malam dan api unggun. Dengan adanya kegiatan di atas diharapkan siswa sejak TK, SD, SMP, dan SMA mulai mengenal alam nyata berupa gunung, hutan dan laut. Hal ini bertujuan agar siswa setelah keluar dari YPPI dan terjun ke masyarakat, mereka telah mempunyai bekal berupa sikap etika lingkungan.<br /><strong>b. Cinta Puspa</strong><br />Cinta Puspa adalah nama kegiatan di YPPI dimana setiap siswa mulai tingkat SD, SMP, SMA dan Universitas (Universitas Widya Kartika) wajib mengadakan reproduksi tanaman bunga sepatu (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis) dan umumnya tanaman hias yang lain dengan stek. Setiap siswa atau mahasiswa wajib membuat stek minimal 10 stek kemudian dipelihara di sekolah (green hause) selama 6 bulan. Oleh sebab itu, peran wali kelas dan Guru Biologi sangat penting dalam mengontrol kondisi tanaman. Setelah 6 bulan, tanaman hias sudah siap akan ditanam, penulis ditunjuk YPPI untuk bekerjasama dengan Dinas Kebersihan dan Pertamanan (DKP) Pemerintah Kota Surabaya untuk menentukan tempat menanam tumbuhan hias. Setelah terjadi kesepakatan, maka tempat penanaman disepanjang jalan raya Kertajaya depan kantor Dinas Pendapatan Daerah (Dispenda) sampai depan BCA dan waktu penanaman hari Jum’at, 30 Maret 2007 serta berkenan membuka secara resmi wali kota Surabaya, Bambang Dwi Hartono. Dengan siswa membuat stek , merawat kemudian menanam sendiri, maka diharapkan akan tumbuh sikap etika lingkungan bila kelak terjun ke masyarakat.<br /><strong>c. Tugas Lintas Pelajaran</strong><br />Selain itu, sikap etika lingkungan dapat pula ditumbuhsuburkan melalui tugas lintas pelajaran, misalnya topik tentang Pencemaran dapat tugas dari pelajaran Biologi, Fisika, Kimia, Bahasa Indonesia atau Bahasa Inggris. Disamping itu, tugas lintas pelajaran ini membuat siswa bebannya lebih ringan sebab membuat satu tugas sekaligus mendapat 3 atau 4 nilai dari mata pelajaran yang berbeda. Dengan demikian akan menambah motivasi siswa untuk lebih mendalami tentang etika lingkungan sebab bukan hanya pelajaran Biologi saja yang mengajarakan tetapi pelajaran yang lainpun juga demikian.<br /><strong>3. Penutup</strong><br />Berdasarkan uraian di atas, maka bila siswa sejak dini ditumbuhsuburkan sikap etika lingkungan melalui berbagai kegiatan, baik melalui GHL, Cinta Puspa maupun Tugas Lintas Pelajaran, maka diharapkan setelah terjun ke masyarakat nanti tidak ada lagi kasus mendirikan bangunan atau perumahan di sekitar waduk tempat penampungan air dan pembabatan hutan yang berakibat resapan air hujan berkurang, sehingga tidak akan ada lagi tsunami jilit 2 seperti waduk Situ Gintung . Semoga. </div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com24